Risk of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Selected Subgroups of Men:A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study

Background  Although men are considered at high risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), sex-specific data on prognostic factors are lacking. We estimated the cumulative recurrence risks associated with clinical characteristics and comorbidities known or suspected to be associated with the development of VTE recurrence: major surgery, trauma, history of cancer, rheumatic disorder, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, chronic renal disease, varicose veins, alcohol-related diseases, and arterial hypertension. Methods  We linked nationwide Danish health registries to identify all incident VTE in- and outpatients in men from 2008 through 2018. Recurrent VTE risk 2 years after anticoagulant discontinuation was calculated using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, stratified by age above/below 50 years. Results  The study included 13,932 men with VTE, of whom 21% ( n  = 2,898) were aged <50 years. For men aged <50 years with at least one of the clinical characteristics, 2-year recurrence risk ranged from 6% (major surgery) to 16% (history of cancer). For men ≥50 years with at least one of the characteristics, recurrence risk ranged from 7% (major surgery) to 12% (ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic renal disease). Men aged <50 and ≥50 years without the clinical characteristics all had a recurrence risk of 10%. Discussion  We demonstrated a 2-year recurrence risk of at least 6%, regardless of age category and disease status, in this nationwide cohort of men with VTE. The recurrence risk must be balanced against bleeding risk. However, the high recurrence risk across all subgroups might ultimately lead to greater emphasis on male sex in future guidelines focusing on optimized secondary VTE prevention

Long-Term Management of Pulmonary Embolism:A Review of Consequences, Treatment, and Rehabilitation

The concept of pulmonary embolism is evolving. Recent and emerging evidence on the treatment of specific patient populations, its secondary prevention, long-term complications, and the unmet need for rehabilitation has the potential to change clinical practice for the benefit of the patients. This review discusses the recent evidence from clinical trials, observational studies, and guidelines focusing on anticoagulation treatment, rehabilitation, emotional stress, quality of life, and the associated outcomes for patients with pulmonary embolism. Guidelines suggest that the type and duration of treatment with anticoagulation should be based on prevalent risk factors. Recent studies demonstrate that an anticoagulant treatment that is longer than two years may be effective and safe for some patients. The evidence for extended treatment in cancer patients is limited. Careful consideration is particularly necessary for pulmonary embolisms in pregnancy, cancer, and at the end of life. The rehabilitation and prevention of unnecessary deconditioning, emotional distress, and a reduced quality of life is an important, but currently they are unmet priorities for many patients with a pulmonary embolism. Future research could demonstrate optimal anticoagulant therapy durations, follow-ups, and rehabilitation, and effective patient-centered decision making at the end of life. A patient preferences and shared decision making should be incorporated in their routine care when weighing the benefits and risks with primary treatment and secondary prevention

CD169 (Siglec-1) as a Robust Human Cell Biomarker of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic area in cancer and chronic viral infections. An important component of immunotherapy in these contexts is the activation of innate immunity. Here we investigate the potential for CD169 (Siglec 1) expression on monocytes to serve as a robust biomarker for activation of innate immunity and, particular, as a proxy for IFN-α production. Specifically, we investigated the effects of Toll-like receptor 9 agonism with MGN1703 (lefitolimod) across experimental conditions ex vivo, in humanized mice, and in clinical trial participants. Ex vivo we observed that the percentage of classical monocytes expressing CD169 increased dramatically from 10% pre-stimulation to 97% 24 hrs after MGN1703 stimulation (p\u3c0.0001). In humanized NOG mice, we observed prominent upregulation of the proportions of monocytes expressing CD169 after two doses of MGN1703 where 73% of classical monocytes were CD169 positive in bone marrow following MGN1703 treatment vs 19% in vehicle treated mice (p=0.0159). Finally, in a clinical trial in HIV-infected individuals receiving immunotherapy treatment with MGN1703, we observed a uniform upregulation of CD169 on monocytes after dosing with 97% of classical monocytes positive for CD169 (p=0.002). Hence, in this comprehensive evaluation ex vivo, in an animal model, and in a clinical trial, we find increases in the percentage of CD169 positive monocytes to be a reliable and robust biomarker of immune activation following TLR9 agonist treatment

Effect of Adjunct Metformin Treatment in Patients with Type-1 Diabetes and Persistent Inadequate Glycaemic Control. A Randomized Study

Despite intensive insulin treatment, many patients with type-1 diabetes (T1DM) have longstanding inadequate glycaemic control. Metformin is an oral hypoglycaemic agent that improves insulin action in patients with type-2 diabetes. We investigated the effect of a one-year treatment with metformin versus placebo in patients with T1DM and persistent poor glycaemic control.One hundred patients with T1DM, preserved hypoglycaemic awareness and HaemoglobinA(1c) (HbA(1c)) > or = 8.5% during the year before enrolment entered a one-month run-in on placebo treatment. Thereafter, patients were randomized (baseline) to treatment with either metformin (1 g twice daily) or placebo for 12 months (double-masked). Patients continued ongoing insulin therapy and their usual outpatient clinical care. The primary outcome measure was change in HbA(1c) after one year of treatment. At enrolment, mean (standard deviation) HbA(1c) was 9.48% (0.99) for the metformin group (n = 49) and 9.60% (0.86) for the placebo group (n = 51). Mean (95% confidence interval) baseline-adjusted differences after 12 months with metformin (n = 48) versus placebo (n = 50) were: HbA(1c), 0.13% (-0.19; 0.44), p = 0.422; Total daily insulin dose, -5.7 U/day (-8.6; -2.9), p<0.001; body weight, -1.74 kg (-3.32; -0.17), p = 0.030. Minor and overall major hypoglycaemia was not significantly different between treatments. Treatments were well tolerated.In patients with poorly controlled T1DM, adjunct metformin therapy did not provide any improvement of glycaemic control after one year. Nevertheless, adjunct metformin treatment was associated with sustained reductions of insulin dose and body weight. Further investigations into the potential cardiovascular-protective effects of metformin therapy in patients with T1DM are warranted.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00118937

Targeting obesity, NAFLD, and insulin resistance by human and microbial gut health modulators

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articlesMalgré la recherche intensive sur l'obésité et son étiologie, la prévalence de celle-ci continue d'augmenter de manière alarmante. L'obésité est un facteur de risque pour de nombreuses conditions, y compris la résistance à l'insuline (IR) et la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NAFLD). De ce fait, l'obésité réduit considérablement l'espérance et la qualité de vie et fait pression sur la société en induisant des dépenses de santé ainsi que la stigmatisation des personnes obèses. Au cours des dernières décennies, le déclin de la santé intestinale induit par l'obésité a été impliqué dans l'induction de conditions associées à l'obésité. Cela comprend des changements dans la composition du microbiote intestinal, le développement de l'inflammation intestinale et une réduction de la fonction de la barrière intestinale. La connaissance croissante du rôle intestinal dans les conditions associées à l'obésité amène une approche émergente pour cibler ces effets en réduisant les comorbidités. Le succès des nouvelles thérapies utilisant cette approche est cependant compliqué dû aux influences multidirectionnelles hôte-microbe et à l'induction de cycles vicieux, ce qui rend une caractérisation approfondie nécessaire pour améliorer cette approche. Cette thèse vise à caractériser l'efficacité de nouveaux modulateurs de la santé intestinale, dérivés de l'humain ou de microbes, dans la prévention ou le traitement de l'obésité, IR et NAFLD en utilisant des modèles murins d'induction de l'obésité par la diète (DIO). Cette caractérisation vise en outre à élargir les connaissances actuelles sur le rôle de l'intestin dans l'obésité et à nuancer la compréhension actuelle de l'interaction hôte-microbe pour aider les recherches futures dans le domaine et le développement de nouvelles thérapies contre l'obésité, IR et NAFLD. Les deux premiers chapitres tournent autour des effets des peptides de défense de l'hôte (HDP). Dans le chapitre 1, le traitement de HD-5 chez des souris obèses pendant 10 semaines alors qu'elles étaient continuellement nourries avec une diète riche en gras (HFD) n'a pas changé le phénotype obèse mais a réduit la dyslipidémie, amélioré la sensibilité à l'insuline et réduit les marqueurs NAFLD associés à une modification de la composition du microbiote intestinal par rapport au véhicule. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la capacité d'un autre HDP, un lysozyme d'origine fongique, dans la prévention de DIO. Le lysozyme a empêché la perméabilité intestinale induite par HFD et l'empiètement du microbiote bien que cela n'ait induit qu'une amélioration mineure de l'homéostasie du glucose et qu'aucune différence d'obésité ou de NAFLD n'a été observée. Nous avons ensuite davantage étudié les améliorations intestinales par le lysozyme dans un autre modèle de souris et constaté qu'il pouvait prévenir la colite induite chimiquement. Dans les deux modèles DIO et colite, les effets bénéfiques du lysozyme étaient associés à des changements dans la composition du microbiote intestinal qui étaient comparables. Le troisième chapitre évalue l'efficacité de deux probiotiques Lactobacillus dans la prévention des DIO, IR et NAFLD. Nous avons utilisé deux régimes obésogènes différents et démontré que l'effet de chaque probiotique sur les paramètres mesurés dépendait fortement du régime alimentaire. Cela inclue l'effet du probiotique contre l'obésité, le développement de IR et NAFLD, tandis que nous avons également observé des effets dépendants de la diète sur la composition du microbiote intestinal et la régulation des acides biliaires hépatiques et intestinaux. L'étude a ainsi révélé un lien étroit avec les composantes alimentaires et l'efficacité du traitement non caractérisé auparavant, ce qui doit être pris en compte lors de la recherche préclinique sur des modèles animaux et lors de l'évaluation de l'efficacité de nouveaux traitements chez l'humain. Collectivement, les études ont démontré que les modulateurs de la santé intestinale sont une approche viable pour induire des effets bénéfiques sur l'obésité, IR et NAFLD. Nous avons entre autres observé que les comorbidités associées à l'obésité pourraient être réduites même sans affecter l'obésité, et qu'une grande amélioration de la santé intestinale ne pouvait pas toujours induire des avantages considérables sur l'obésité ou les IR et NAFLD associés, nuançant davantage la compréhension du rôle intestinal dans ce contexte. Cette interaction complexe rend les mécanismes exacts incertains et donc si les effets se produisent directement par le maintien de la santé intestinale ou par des modes d'action indirects devra être démêlé davantage dans des études futures.Despite intensive research in obesity and its etiology the obesity prevalence is increasing alarmingly worldwide. Obesity is an established risk factor for numerous conditions including insulin resistance (IR) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). As a result, obesity decreases life and health expectancy substantially and poses an increasing toll on society with greater health care expenses and stigmatization of individuals with obesity. The last few decades obesity-induced decline in intestinal health has been implicated in the induction of obesity-associated conditions. This includes changes in gut microbiota composition, development of intestinal inflammation, and reduced gut barrier function. The increasing knowledge of the intestinal role in obesity-associated conditions provides an emerging approach to target these effects to reduce the downstream maladies from obesity. The success of novel therapies using this approach is, however, complicated by multidirectional host-microbe influences and induction of vicious cycles making further characterization urgently needed to improve this approach. This thesis aims to characterize the efficacy of novel gut health modulators derived from human or microbes in the prevention or treatment of obesity, IR, and NAFLD using mouse models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) to assess the efficacy in vivo. This characterization further aims to expand the current knowledge of the role of the gut in obesity and nuance the current understanding of host-microbe interplay to aid future research in the field and development of novel therapeutics against obesity, IR, and NAFLD. The first two chapters revolves around the effects of the host defense peptides (HDPs) human alpha defensin 5 (HD-5) and a fungal lysozyme. In chapter 1, treating already obese mice with HD-5 for 10 weeks while they were continuously high fat diet (HFD)-fed did not change the obese phenotype yet reduced dyslipidemia, IR, and NAFLD markers associated with a change in gut microbiota composition compared to vehicle-treated controls. The second chapter investigates the capability of another HDP, a lysozyme of fungal origin, in the prevention of DIO. The lysozyme prevented HFD-induced intestinal permeability and microbiota encroachment although this only induced a minor improvement in glucose homeostasis while no difference in obesity or NAFLD was observed. We further challenged the intestinal improvements by the lysozyme and found the lysozyme could prevent chemically induced colitis in a different mouse model. In both the DIO and colitis models the beneficial effects of lysozyme was associated with changes in gut microbiota composition that were comparable to some extent. Finally, the third chapter assesses the efficacy of two probiotic Lactobacillus strains in prevention of DIO, IR, and NAFLD. We used two different obesogenic diets and demonstrated that the effect of each probiotic strain on the measured parameters was highly dependent on diet. This included the probiotic effect of obesity, IR, and NAFLD development while we additionally observed diet-dependent effects on gut microbiota composition and hepatic and intestinal bile acid regulations. The study thus revealed a close connection to the dietary components and the efficacy of the treatment not previously characterized, which should be considered when conducting preclinical research in animal models and when evaluating efficacy of novel treatments in humans. The studies collectively demonstrated that gut health modulators in the form of HDPs or probiotics is a viable approach to induce beneficial effects on obesity, IR, and NAFLD. We further described obesity-associated comorbidities could be reduced even without affecting obesity, and that great improvement of intestinal health could not always induce extensive benefits on obesity or associated IR and NAFLD further nuancing the understanding of the intestinal role in this setting. This complex interplay makes the exact modes of actions unclear and thus whether the effects occur directly through the maintenance of intestinal health or by indirect modes of action is to be disentangled further in future studies