INCLUSION OF PROTECTED FAT IN DIETS ON THE MILK PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF SAANEN GOATS

According on the fat source included in the diets for goats, the milk production can be increased and milk fatty acid composition can be improved. This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of protected fat (CSFA - calcium salts of fatty acids) in the diets of lactating Saanen goats on milk production and composition. Five Saanen goats (63.23 ± 9.08 kg body weight and 105 ± 3 days of lactation) were distributed in a Latin square design (5 × 5) with five diets: control (without the addition of CSFA) and the other diets with: 6.25, 12.50, 18.75 and 25.0 g CSFA per kg dry matter (g/kg DM), respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production (MP) were evaluated. Milk samples were collected to determine milk composition and fatty acid profile. Feed efficiency (FE) was estimated. The supplementation of CSFA up to 25 g/kg DM did not influence the DMI, MP and FE. Milk components production (g/d) was not influenced by the inclusion CSFA in the diet; however, there was a linear reduction of 0.87 g protein per kg of milk for each 1% CSFA included in the diet. The concentration of linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in milk was improved with a maximum point of 24 g of CSFA per kg DM. CSFA can be included in the diets of lactating Saanen goats up to 25 g/kg DM with no interference on DMI and MP

<b>Influence of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids on the intake and digestibility of rations in female kids under heat stress

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CSFA) on the intake and digestibility of diets. Twenty-five female goat kids housed in digestibility cages and subjected to heat stress of 32°C in a climatic chamber, were used. The female kids were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments: control (without inclusion of CSFA) and 6.25; 12.50; 18.75 and 25.00 g CSFA kg-1 of DM. The inclusion of CSFA in rations did not influence water intake (3.08 L day-1), dry matter (0.66 kg day-1), organic matter (0.62 kg day-1), crude protein (0.12 kg day-1), neutral detergent fiber (0.27 kg day-1) and total carbohydrate (0.47 kg day-1). The results of the digestibility of dry matter (0.66 kg kg-1), organic matter (0.67 kg kg-1), crude protein (0.78 kg kg-1), neutral detergent fiber (0.47 kg kg-1) and total carbohydrate (0.63 kg kg-1) were not affected by the treatments. However, there was a positive linear effect on the intake and digestibility of ether extract. Therefore, the addition of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids in the diets for female kids under heat stress of 32°C does not influence the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, except for ether extract, which is intrinsic to the product added to the rations.

Effect of calcium salts of fatty acids on the nutritive value of diets, feeding behavior, and serum blood parameters of lactating Saanen goats grazing on stargrass

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine effects of the addition of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) to the concentrate on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients and the grazing behavior of lactating Saanen goats. Five multiparous goats in their third lactation and four primiparous goats were used. The animals were distributed into two Latin square designs, which, for the multiparous goats was 5 × 5, with five treatments (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, and 6.0% CSFA); and for the primiparous goats was 4 × 4, with four treatments (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% CSFA). The addition of CSFA to the concentrate of lactating Saanen goats did not influence the time spent grazing, ruminating, or lying for multiparous goats. However, for primiparous goats, for the time spent grazing, there was a negative quadratic effect with the addition of CSFA to the concentrate. The treatments did not affect the intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates, or total digestible nutrients for multiparous goats. No effects were observed on nutrient digestibility, except for crude protein and the ether extract, which increased the energy values of the diets with 3.5% CSFA. For primiparous goats, no effects were observed on intake or digestibility. Addition of CSFA can be used as an alternative to feed primiparous goats in grassland when the grazing time is a factor limiting intake. Addition of up to 3.5% of CSFA increases the energy value of diets for multiparous goats. These results suggest that calcium salts of fatty acids is an alternative energy supplement to feed lactating goats

Digestibidade e desempenho produtivo em cabritos mestiços ½ Boer x ½ Saanen alimentados com dietas contendo gordura protegida

 Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a ingestão, os parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes de dietas com concentrações crescentes de energia metabolizável contendo gordura protegida, e a análise econômica das dietas para cabritos mestiços ½ Boer x ½ Saanen terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 28 cabritos, machos não castrados com peso inicial de 19,02 ± 2,20 kg e idade de 88 ± 5,77 dias, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado Com quatro dietas: controle com 2,5 Mcal de EM/kg MS e os demais com 2,6; 2,7 e 2,8 Mcal de EM/kg de MS, onde se utilizou a gordura protegida (Lactoplus®) como suplemento energético. Os animais foram mantidos no experimento até atingirem peso aproximado de 32 kg. Para as estimativas de digestibilidade foi utilizado o FDAi como indicador interno. Houve efeito das dietas sobre as ingestões de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo e carboidratos não fibrosos. Foi observado efeito quadrático das dietas sobre os parâmetros de ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre as digestibilidades da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e da energia bruta. A digestibilidade dos carboidratos não fibrosos e dos carboidratos totais apresentou decréscimo linear e da proteína bruta apresentou aumento linear. Observou-se comportamento quadrático da digestibilidade do extrato etéreo, resultante da inclusão de gordura protegida nas dietas. O nível sérico de colesterol aumentou linearmente de acordo com as dietas. A avaliação econômica se mostrou favorável, com maior valor de renda líquida para a dieta com 2,5 Mcal de EM/kg de MS. A elevação da densidade energética da dieta de cabritos mestiços ½ Boer x ½ Saanen, por meio da inclusão de gordura protegida afeta negativamente a ingestão de matéria seca, e a digestibilidade dos carboidratos não fibrosos e dos carboidratos totais, sem proporcionar melhoria do desempenho produtivo dos animais. </p

Ocorrência de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum em ovelhas de propriedades rurais no norte do Paraná, Brasil

The protozoan Neospora caninum is the cause of reproductive diseases in some species of domestic animals that results in severe economic losses to livestock production. These diseases might be transmitted by infected females to their offspring or from oocysts eliminated within the feces of the definitive hosts. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of serum antibodies of N. caninum in sheep maintained on farms located in northern Paraná, Brazil. Serum samples were obtained from 381 sheep and 25 dogs that were maintained in 11 farming units to detect the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies by using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA); titers of antibodies that were ? 50 were considered as positive. The results from this study demonstrated that 13.91% of sheep (10.7% < CI 0.95% < 17.9%) and 36% (18.7% < CI 0.95% < 57.4%) of dogs were seropositive to N. caninum. Further, significant differences were observed when the association between the serology results of sheep and two variables were compared: the slaughter of animals within these units (P = 0.0041; OR = 5.27) and the access of dogs to the viscera of slaughtered animals (P = 0.0001; OR = 1.49). These results confirmed the epidemiological importance of the domestic dog relative to the dissemination and maintenance of N. caninum with an environment.Neospora caninum é um protozoário causador de doença de esfera reprodutiva em algumas  espécies de animais, causando perdas econômicas em rebanhos de produção. Esta doença está ligada diretamente a problemas reprodutivos, podendo ser transmitida por fêmeas infectadas aos seus descendentes ou através de oocistos eliminados nas fezes de seus hospedeiros definitivos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a soro-ocorrência de anticorpos contra N.caninum em ovinos de propriedades rurais localizadas no norte do Paraná. Foram colhidas 381 amostras de sangue de ovelhas e 25 amostras de sangue canino de 11 propriedades rurais na região  norte do estado do Paraná. Utilizou-se a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) para a detecção de anticorpos  contra N.caninum e foram considerados positivos os animais que apresentaram títulos ? 50. Encontrou-se uma ocorrência de 13,91% (10,7% < IC 0,95% < 17,9%) e 36% (18,7% < IC 0,95% < 57,4%) de anticorpos contra N. caninum nos ovinos e nos cães, respectivamente.  Foi observada uma diferença significativa na associação entre o resultado da sorologia dos ovinos para N.caninum e as variáveis “abate animais na  propriedade” (P=0,0041; OR=5,27) e “cães com acesso às vísceras” (P=0,0001; OR=1,49)

Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition in dairy cows fed silage of wet brewers grain

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão do farelo de trigo (FT), casca do grão de soja (CGS) ou milho moído (MM) na ensilagem do resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC), e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, bem como, sobre a eficiência, produção e composição do leite de vacas da raça Holandês. Foram utilizadas quatro vacas da raça Holandês, multíparas, com produção média de 28 litros/dia, distribuídas no delineamento em quadrado latino (4x4), com quatro períodos experimentais de 21 dias e quatro silagens. As vacas foram alimentadas com dietas compostas por feno de Tifton 85, silagens do RUC e ração concentrada. Os tratamentos consistiram de silagem do RUC (SRUC), silagem do RUC com FT (SRFT), CGS (SRCGS) ou MM (SRMM). As dietas não interferiram no peso corporal dos animais. As inclusões do FT ou MM, na ensilagem do RUC, proporcionaram maiores consumos de matéria seca e matéria orgânica das dietas SRFT e SRMM. As maiores digestibilidades da matéria seca, orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e proteína bruta foram observadas nas dietas SRCGS e SRMM. A produção diária, a produção corrigida para 3,5 % de gordura e a composição do leite não foram alteradas pelas dietas. Para o nitrogênio ureico no leite a dieta SRMM apresentou menor concentração, acima da variação considerada adequada. A inclusão da CGS ou MM, na ensilagem do RUC, aumenta a digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, no entanto, o uso de aditivos nutrientes com alto teor de matéria seca não altera a produção, a eficiência ou a composição do leite de vacas da raça Holandês.The aim of this study was to evaluate the supply of wet brewers grain silage with and without nutrient additives in ensiling (wheat bran, soybeans hulls and ground corn), and the effect of additives on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients as well as the efficiency, production and milk composition of Holstein cows. Four multiparous Holstein cows were used, with an average milk production of 25 liters per day. The cows were randomly assigned, via the Latin Square design (4x4), to one of four experimental diets. The experimental period was 21 days. The results obtained in the experiment were evaluated by analysis of variance, Fisher’s F test and Tukey’s test at 5 % probability. The experimental diets consisted of wet brewers grain silage alone, and this silage with the addition of wheat bran, soybean hulls or ground corn. The diets did not affect the initial body weight of the animals. Diets containing wheat bran and ground corn provided a higher intake of dry matter (21.78 and 21.50 kg day-1) and organic matter (20.42 and 20.22 kg day-1) compared to the wet brewers grain silage alone and the diet containing soybean hulls. The results observed for dry matter (636.96 and 632.96 g kg-1), organic matter (659.16 and 654.35 g kg-1 DM), crude protein (712.84 and 717.79 g kg-1 DM) and neutral detergent fiber (598.99 and 538.90 g kg-1 DM) when cows were fed diets containing soybean hulls and ground corn, respectively, were higher than other diets. The different diets did not change daily milk production, milk production corrected for 3.5 % fat or milk composition. The milk urea nitrogen from cows fed ground corn diets was a lower concentration (17.67 mg dL-1), however, it was still above the suitable range (10 to 14 mg dL-1). Providing wet brewers grain silage with soybeans hulls or ground corn to Holstein cows increased the digestibility of dry matter and nutrients. However, the use of silages with wheat bran, soybean hulls or ground corn did not alter the efficiency, production or milk composition of cows fed with these silages