Average stopping distance (m) of the participants measured at 20 kph (A) and at 40 kph (B) at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).

<p>Average stopping distance (m) of the participants measured at 20 kph (A) and at 40 kph (B) at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).</p

Emergency braking test and recorded measurements.

<p>Emergency braking test and recorded measurements.</p

Crash avoidance test and recorded measurements.

<p>Crash avoidance test and recorded measurements.</p

Cumulated deviations of the handlebars (°) in the “slow motion” mode (A) and in the “brakes and clutch” mode (B) at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).

<p>Cumulated deviations of the handlebars (°) in the “slow motion” mode (A) and in the “brakes and clutch” mode (B) at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).</p

Oral temperature recorded at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).

<p>Oral temperature recorded at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).</p

Experimental protocol.

<p>Each participant participated in two days of test sessions, organised after either a normal night’s sleep or a night of TSD. During these days, standardised meals were provided between test sessions.</p

Location of the different measurement devices.

<p>Location of the different measurement devices.</p

Scores obtained on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).

<p>The higher the index, the higher the sleepiness level.</p

Average speed (kph) of the participants measured in the “brakes and clutch” mode at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).

<p>Average speed (kph) of the participants measured in the “brakes and clutch” mode at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. after either a normal night’s sleep (Normal night) or a night of TSD (Night of TSD).</p

Test set-up to evaluate stability using deviation calculations when driving straight ahead at low speed.

<p>Test set-up to evaluate stability using deviation calculations when driving straight ahead at low speed.</p