NPD Projects in Search of Top Management Support : The Role of Team Leader Social Capital

International audienceA number of studies have found that the performance of NPD projects greatly depends on the support they get from top management. However, research into why some projects get more support than others has been limited. The present paper takes a political approach to NPD, in which top management support is considered to be a function of a project leader's ability to influence decision processes through personal relationships. Mobilizing the bridging perspective of social capital, we argue that project leaders need both strong ties to high-ranking others and sparseness in their networks. Vertical strong ties bring direct support and solidarity, resulting in improved access to resources and priority over other projects; sparseness provides exposure to the full range of information and interpretations in the organization, resulting in a more accurate picture of the political landscape and thus enabling the implementation of an appropriate influence strategy. A PLS analysis of a sample of 73 French project leaders involved in NPD projects provided support for our hypotheses. Hence, we contribute to a very recent stream of research showing that the structural and relational dimensions of social capital are complementary

Prédiction de la performance en natation par les mesures d'activité du Système Nerveux Autonome (modélisation mathématique)

Durant ces 20 dernières années, de nombreuses études réalisées chez l homme ont mis en évidence l utilité de la Variabilité de la Fréquence Cardiaque (VFC) comme outil d investigation de l activité du Système Nerveux Autonome (SNA). Des études longitudinales et transversales ont par ailleurs démontré des relations fortes entre SNA, entrainement et performance. La recherche d indicateurs biologiques permettant au mieux de paramétrer la charge d entraînement a conduit à l étude de différents paramètres parmi lesquels la VFC. L objectif de l ensemble de ce travail de thèse a été, à la fois, l étude de la prédiction de la performance en natation ainsi que la modélisation des effets de l entraînement sur le SNA. L étude I modélise les effets de l entraînement sur l activité parasympathique au travers du modèle de Banister, initialement conçu pour représenter les effets de l entraînement sur la performance. Une relation significative de type logarithmique est démontrée, également, entre l activité parasympathique et la performance. L étude II démontre la pertinence de la VFC dans le pilotage et l optimisation de la charge d entraînement. Cette étude a utilisé les paramètres issus des modèles linéaire et non-linéaire des 10 nageurs pour analyser l influence sur la performance et l activité parasympathique de la charge d entraînement. Cette étude rend compte de l application pratique de la modélisation mathématique et des simulations informatiques dans la prédiction de la performance et l optimisation de la charge d entraînement en vue de maximiser à la fois les gains de performance et d activité parasympathique. L ensemble de ce travail démontre, au travers de la modélisation mathématique des réponses à l entraînement de l activité parasympathique et sa confrontation aux réponses de la performance, que la puissance spectrale en HF est un outil non invasif et facilement utilisable en routine pour optimiser l entraînement. Au-delà de la démonstration d une relation significative, c est la mise en évidence d une évolution en phase de ce paramètre physiologique et de la performance qui a été démontréeOver the past 20 years, numerous studies in humans have demonstrated the usefulness of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) as a tool for investigating the activity of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Longitudinal and transversal studies have also shown a strong relationship between ANS activity, training load and performance. Monitoring of the training load has led to the study of various physiological parameters including the HRV. The goal of all this work was the study of the abilities of ANS parameters to predict the level of performance in swimming, as well as, modeling the effects of training load on the parameters of ANS. Study I models the effects of training on parasympathetic activity through the Banister model, originally designed to represent the effects of training on performance. A significant logarithmic relationship was demonstrated between parasympathetic activity and performance. Study II demonstrates the relevance of HRV and mathematical modeling to drive and optimize the training load. This study, using model parameters calculated from linear and non-linear mathematical formulation for 10 swimmers, analyzes the ability of computer simulation to predict performance and parasympathetic activity in response to the training load. The results demonstrate the practical application of mathematical modeling and computer simulations in predicting the performance and optimization of the training load to maximize both performance gains and parasympathetic activity All this work demonstrates, through mathematical modeling, the relevance of HF spectral power of HRV as a non-invasive tool, easy to use in routine, to optimize the training load and predict the performance in swimming. Beyond the demonstration of a significant relationship between parasympathetic activity and performance, it was an evolution in phase of these two parameters that was highlightedST ETIENNE-Bib. électronique (422189901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Sex-related differences in endothelial function and blood viscosity in the elderly population

Elderly represents a growing population and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in this population. Sex differences are involved in CVD with middle-aged males being at higher risk than females. After menopause, females are no longer protected by hormones and the role of sex on cardiovascular parameters involved in CVD, such as endothelial function and blood viscosity, is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sex on endothelial function, blood viscosity and CVD in elderly. Clinical investigation and blood analyses were performed on 182 (93 females and 89 males) elderly participants (mean age: 75.83 ± 1.22). Health status of participants were classified. Sex differences in endothelial function, blood viscosity, high density lipoprotein (HDL), hematocrit, and red blood cell (RBC) aggregation were assessed. CVD prevalence was higher in males (27.0%) than in females (5.4%) (p < 0.001). Females had higher vasoreactivity (p = 0.014) and HDL (p < 0.001) level than males. Blood viscosity was higher in males than in females at any shear rate (p < 0.001). Hematocrit was greater in males than in females (p < 0.001) while RBC aggregation did not differ between the two populations. To conclude, females have less CVD than age-matched males that might be due to their greater vascular function and lower blood viscosity

Even a Previous Light-Active Physical Activity at Work Still Reduces Late Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Retired Adults Aged>65 Years by 32%: The PROOF Cohort Study

Background: Work may contribute significantly to daily physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). Physical inactivity and SB at work might be two major risk factors for premature morbidity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to describe self-reported past PA and SB at work and during leisure time within the PROOF cohort subjects, and to determine consequences of PA and SB on late health of these now retired workers.Material and Methods: The PROOF cohort study was used to prospectively allow assessment of the predictive value of PA and SB at work and during leisure time among a healthy retired French population, with regard to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. PA (MET-h/week) and SB (h/d) were assessed using the Population Physical Activity Questionnaire (POPAQ) and the modified Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Odds ratios (ORs with 95% CIs) for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were associated with each level of PA at work: light (<3 METs), moderate (3–5.9 METs), vigorous (≥6 METs) and were compared to SB at work.Results: Out of the 1011 65-year-old subjects initially included, the 15-year follow-up has been currently completed for 688 (68%) subjects; 89 deaths (all-cause mortality, 9%) and 91 fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (9%), were reported. An active work (light, moderate, or vigorous intensity) was associated with a 21% reduced risk of cardiovascular (myocardial infarction) and cerebrovascular events (stroke) (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.32–0.91, p < 0.02) compared to sedentary work. This relationship was already significant for light intensity work (32%; i.e., OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.31–0.87, p < 0.02).Conclusion: There is strong causal evidence linking PA and SB at work with late cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. All in all, the risk for onset of myocardial infarction and stroke was lower among those who had a previous active work compared to those with previous sedentary work. Even previous light active work produced substantial health benefits.Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT00759304

Cardiac manifestations of MIS-C: cardiac magnetic resonance and speckle-tracking data

BackgroundCardiac involvement is central in MIS-C and represents the main cause of morbidity. In this study, we aimed to assess myocardial damage in patients with MIS-C using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) during the acute phase, as well as left ventricular and atrial longitudinal strain on admission, at discharge, and after 3 months.MethodsWe performed a single-center prospective cohort study and case–control study. Between September 2020 and February 2022, we enrolled 39 patients hospitalized for MIS-C at our center. We performed left ventricular and atrial longitudinal 2D strain analysis on admission and during follow-up; echocardiographic data were compared to a matched control population. Patients above 4 years old with increased troponin underwent CMR.ResultsOf 24 patients (mean age: 8.2 ± 4.9 years) who underwent CMR, 14 (58%) presented myocardial edema and 6 (25%) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). LGE was associated with older age (p < 0.01), increased BMI (p = 0.03), increased ferritin levels (p < 0.001), lower left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (p < 0.001), LV longitudinal strain (p = 0.004), left atrial (LA) strain (p = 0.05), and prolonged hospital stay (p = 0.02). On admission, LV ejection fraction, LV longitudinal strain, and LA strain were impaired, but each improved gradually over time; LVEF was the fastest to recover, while global LV longitudinal strain was still impaired as compared to controls after 3 months (p = 0.01).ConclusionOur study demonstrates that myocardial injury is present in a quarter of MIS-C patients, and impaired LA and LV myocardial deformation persist for at least several weeks after the acute phase. CMR and LV/LA strain could help us to individualize follow-up of MIS-C patients

Transition numérique et pratiques de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur en agronomie, environnement, alimentation et sciences vétérinaires à l’horizon 2040.

Pour citer ce document:Barzman M. (Coord.), Gerphagnon M. (Coord.), Mora O. (Coord.),Aubin-Houzelstein G., Bénard A., Martin C., Baron G.L, Bouchet F., Dibie-Barthélémy J., Gibrat J.F., Hodson S., Lhoste E., Moulier-Boutang Y., Perrot S., Phung F., Pichot C., Siné M., Venin T. 2019. Transition numérique et pratiques de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur en agronomie, environnement, alimentation et sciences vétérinaires à l’horizon 2040.INRA, France, 161pagesTransition numérique et pratiques de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur en agronomie, environnement, alimentation et sciences vétérinaires à l’horizon 2040

Le choc septique réfractaire de l' enfant (caractéristiques précoces)

Le choc septique est la première cause de décès en en réanimation. Les sepsis bundles ont permis une amélioration du pronostic en accélérant la prise en charge et en fixant des objectifs à atteindre rapidement. Cependant, la mortalité de la mortalité du choc septique reste élevée.Certains auteurs ont établi une corrélation entre la mortalité et défaillances viscérales.Il semble que mieux caractériser défaillance d'organes en état de choc réfractaire est obligatoire pour améliorer la compréhension et la classification. proposer à terme une définition du choc réfractaire et des facteurs de risque évocateurs d une telle évolution pour proposer des traitements d exception. L'objectif de cette étude est de caractériser les défaillances d'organes chez les enfants avec choc septique réfractaires. Une étude mono centrique a été réalisée au C.H.U. du Kremlin Bicêtre dans le service de Réanimation Pédiatrique.Tous les patients admis pour un choc septique nécessitant un soutien vasoactif entre le 1er Janvier 2008 et le 31 mai 2011 ont été inclus. Quarante-six patients ont été retenus, 16 d'entre eux sont morts.L Analyse multivariée a identifié l arrêt cardiaque, les comorbidités et l épuration extra rénale comme facteurs indépendants associés à la mortalité. Paradoxalement, les scores de défaillance multi viscérale n étaient pas statistiquement associés à la mortalité. dans les deux groupes. La plupart des chocs septiques étaient dus à des bactéries à gram négatif, mais n'étaient pas statistiquement associée à la mortalité.PARIS6-Bibl.Pitié-Salpêtrie (751132101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Spécification déclarative et composition sémantique pour des documents virtuels personnalisables

Le Document Virtuel Personnalisable est une approche intéressante pour personnaliser, réutiliser et automatiser l accès à l information. Un DVP compose dynamiquement un document réel à partir d informations provenant de sources diverses qui satisfont au mieux à des besoins utilisateurs. En effet, les utilisateurs ne sont pas tous intéressés par les mêmes informations, ils n ont pas les mêmes attentes, acquis et connaissances. Toutes ces caractéristiques sont représentées au sein d un modèle utilisateur. Nous proposons une approche de conception de DVP qui repose d une part sur un principe de spécification déclarative des processus de sélection, d organisation et d adaptation par un auteur, ce qui renforce la cohérence sémantique du document généré, et d autre part sur un principe de composition d un hypermédia pour un lecteur particulier. Cette approche est fondée sur quatre ontologies. Il s agit d une approche qui repose sur la réutilisation de fragments d information et qui est elle-même réutilisable.The Adaptive Virtual Document is a very convenient approach to adapt, reuse and automate information access on the Web. An AVD creates a real document on the fly with informations coming from various sources and according to user s needs. Every users are not concerned by the same information, they don t have the same objectives, experience, background and knowledge. All theses user s features are represented in a user model. We propose a new approach for AVD in two parts. First, an author creates a generic document which is a declarative specification for the processes of selection, organization and adaptation, this author oriented specification increases the semantic coherence of a document. Next, the system composes on the fly an hypermedia from this generic document and according to a particular reader. This approach is based on four ontologies. Our approach is based on the reusability of information on the Web, and it was thought in order to be reusable in different contexts.PARIS3-BU (751052102) / SudocPARIS-Fondation MSH (751062301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Projet ANR KINETIC (2012-2015)

Innovate under constraint: a study of the trajectory of innovation projectsWe study project teams, and aim at finding what drive their capacity to develop radical innovation in conditions of extremely tight resources and time. We combine real-world data from big companies (case studies) with data collected from quasi-experiment designs.Improve our understanding of how project teams develop radical innovations under time and resources pressureInnovation is crucial to both national and firm-level competitiveness. Prior research shows that any innovation team faces contradictory forces: “centrifugal” forces (those that drive the team to constantly search for new ideas and knowledge, at the risk of drifting and losing touch with the constraints and goals of the project) and “centripetal” forces (those that create cohesion and shared vision within the team, at the risk of fall short in terms of generating new ideas). The objective of the KINETIC project is to identify the leadership and organizational arrangements that facilitate such a balance and thereby permit radical innovation under time constraint.Combining the observation of “real-world” projects in companies (case studies, qualitative) with the analysis of projects in a controlled environment (quasi-experiment design, quantitative)• In-depth case studies of innovation projects in 2 big consumer-goods companies and 2 medium-size consulting companies. Qualitative analysis. Particular attention is paid to the « trajectories » of these projects (changes in objectives, team recompositions, identification of new sources of information, etc.)• Quasi-experiment design emulating real new product development projects with about 800 students located in 4 universities. Quantitative analysis (in particular social network analysis). We analyze more particularly interpersonal relationships (communication, trust, share cognition, conflicts, etc.), how they evolve over time and how they impact performance