Efecto de los parámetros de plasma atmosférico sobre la superficie del ácido poliláctico

El presente trabajo pretende mejorar la humectabilidad de polímeros biodegradables mediante la utilización del tratamiento de plasma atmosférico. Debido al gran interés y concienciación por respetar el medio ambiente que ha surgido en las últimas décadas, el polímero utilizado es el ácido poliláctico PLA, el cual es tratado mediante plasma atmosférico, obteniendo resultados de mejora de humectabilidad debido al aumento de energías superficiales, determinando los rangos de trabajo óptimos de aplicación del plasma atmosférico. Para ello se ha utilizado este tratamiento de modificación superficial con la variación de parámetros de procesado: velocidad de pasada del plasma y altura boquilla/substrato. La evaluación de los efectos de este tratamiento superficial sobre el PLA se realiza de forma experimental mediante medida de ángulos de contacto, cálculo de energías superficiales, junto con técnicas de estudio de los mecanismos de modificación superficial del plasma.Jorda-Vilaplana, A.; Sánchez Nacher, L. (2013). Efecto de los parámetros de plasma atmosférico sobre la superficie del ácido poliláctico. Compobell, S.L. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/73770

Thermal behaviour of microencapsulated fragances on cotton fabrics

Microencapsulated products are very common in some fields, such as pharmacy, and the textile industry has recently incorporated them into their products. First, this research assessed the presence of fragrance microcapsules on cotton fabric using different padding applications and evaluated them using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). When the OH stretching region between 3700-3000 cm(-1) from spectra was examined, we proposed some area ratios to quantify the microcapsules' presence on the fabric. The ratios proposed showed that when the concentration of microcapsules in the padding bath increased, their value increased too. Secondly, we analyzed the effect that thermal treatment can cause on microcapsules. This was undertaken using hot air at 120 degrees C, 140 degrees C and 160 degrees C, or by ironing the fabric impregnated with microcapsules at 110 degrees C, 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C, by ironing 1, 5 and 10 times on the analyzed zone. It was found that when the temperature was higher than 120 degrees C, microcapsules were deflated and damaged. This could be seen using SEM images and checked using FTIR analysis.The authors are grateful to COLOR CENTER Company for kindly providing the microencapsulated samples used in this study. The Universidad Politecnica de Valencia also deserves acknowledgement for its financial support in the form of 'Interdisciplinary projects research line' for the research project from which these results derive. We acknowledge central service of microscopy, and the R&D+i Linguistic Assistance Office, at the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia for their help in revising and correcting this paper.Monllor Pérez, P.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; Cases Iborra, FJ.; Bonet Aracil, MA. (2009). Thermal behaviour of microencapsulated fragances on cotton fabrics. Textile Research Journal. 79(4):365-380. doi:10.1177/0040517508097520S365380794Hong, K., & Park, S. (1999). Melamine resin microcapsules containing fragrant oil: synthesis and characterization. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 58(2), 128-131. doi:10.1016/s0254-0584(98)00263-6Chao-Xia, W., & Shui-Lin, C. (2004). Anchoring beta-cyclodextrin to retain fragrances on cotton by means of heterobifunctional reactive dyes. Coloration Technology, 120(1), 14-18. doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00200.xNelson, G. (2008). Microencapsulates in textile coloration and finishing. Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics, 21(1), 72-85. doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1991.tb00082.xNelson, G. (2008). Microencapsulation in textile finishing. Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics, 31(1), 57-64. doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.2001.tb00138.xNelson, G. (2002). Application of microencapsulation in textiles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 242(1-2), 55-62. doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00141-2Park, S.-J., Shin, Y.-S., & Lee, J.-R. (2001). Preparation and Characterization of Microcapsules Containing Lemon Oil. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 241(2), 502-508. doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.7727Xu, Y., & Du, Y. (2003). Effect of molecular structure of chitosan on protein delivery properties of chitosan nanoparticles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 250(1), 215-226. doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00548-3Ré, M. ., & Biscans, B. (1999). Preparation of microspheres of ketoprofen with acrylic polymers by a quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. Powder Technology, 101(2), 120-133. doi:10.1016/s0032-5910(98)00163-6Moya, S., Sukhorukov, G. ., Auch, M., Donath, E., & Möhwald, H. (1999). Microencapsulation of Organic Solvents in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Micrometer-Sized Shells. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 216(2), 297-302. doi:10.1006/jcis.1999.6286Wilson, R. C., & Pfohl, W. F. (2000). Study of cross-linking reactions of melamine/formaldehyde resin with hydroxyl functional polyester by generalized 2-D infrared spectroscopy. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 23(1), 13-22. doi:10.1016/s0924-2031(99)00072-7Bhandari, B., D’Arcy, B., & Young, G. (2001). Flavour retention during high temperature short time extrusion cooking process: a review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 36(5), 453-461. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00495.xYuan, L., Liang, G., Xie, J., & He, S.-B. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of microencapsulated dicyclopentadiene with melamine–formaldehyde resins. Colloid and Polymer Science, 285(7), 781-791. doi:10.1007/s00396-006-1621-5Luo, W., Yang, W., Jiang, S., Feng, J., & Yang, M. (2007). Microencapsulation of decabromodiphenyl ether by in situ polymerization: Preparation and characterization. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92(7), 1359-1364. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.03.004Monllor, P., Bonet, M. A., & Cases, F. (2007). Characterization of the behaviour of flavour microcapsules in cotton fabrics. European Polymer Journal, 43(6), 2481-2490. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.04.004Muzzarelli, C., Stanic, V., Gobbi, L., Tosi, G., & Muzzarelli, R. A. A. (2004). Spray-drying of solutions containing chitosan together with polyuronans and characterisation of the microspheres. Carbohydrate Polymers, 57(1), 73-82. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.04.00

Development of environmentally friendly composite matrices from epoxidized cottonseed oil

The continuous rise in oil prices has led to the use of other ways to obtain polymer materials. This paper proposes a methodology to obtain a thermosetting resin from cottonseed oil by epoxidation process. The cottonseed oil contains as most representative fatty acids: 52.5% of linoleic acid (C18: 2), 23.9% of palmitic acid (C16: 0) and 17.6% of oleic acid (C18: 1); the real iodine index, which is indicative of the number of double bonds, has a value of 107. Epoxidized cottonseed oil (ECSO) has been successfully obtained using conventional epoxidation process with hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and sulfuric acid, maintaining a constant temperature of 70 °C with homogeneous magnetic stirring. Average oxirane oxygen content (OOC) of 5.32% can be obtained by conventional epoxidation process which represents a yield over 83%. The epoxidized oil has been crosslinked with mixtures of two cyclic anhydrides to tailor different properties on final crosslinked thermosetting resins: on the one hand, methyl nadic anhydride (MNA) which is characterized by a rigid molecular structure and on the other hand, dodecenylsuccinic anhydride (DDSA) with a long side chain that can confer flexibility. The crosslinking process has been followed by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ionic mobility and oscillatory rheometry (OR) as well as gel time determination. The effect of the hardener mixture (wt.% DDSA:MNA) on mechanical performance of cured materials has been followed by flexural and impact tests as well as the evolution of the storage modulus (G′) by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in torsion mode. By selecting the appropriate hardener mixture, it is possible to obtain crosslinked materials with different properties ranging from stiff matrices for ECSO crosslinked with MNA to flexible matrices for ECSO cured with DDSA. This has occurred with other thermosetting resins like epoxidized soy bean oil (ESBO) or epoxidized linseed oil (ELO). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Authors thank Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport (Generalitat Valenciana) Ref: GV/2014/008 for financial support.Carbonell Verdú, A.; Bernardi, L.; García García, D.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; Balart Gimeno, RA. (2015). Development of environmentally friendly composite matrices from epoxidized cottonseed oil. European Polymer Journal. 63:1-10. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.043S1106

Development of a biocomposite based on green polyethylene biopolymer and eggshell

In this investigation a fully biobased composite material has been obtained using a biobased polyethylene obtained from sugar cane as matrix and eggshell (ES) as filler. ES was studied in order to replace mineral carbonate calcium as polymer filler, which is commonly used. In order to do this the ES has been chemically modified and then its potential for the development of a biocomposite was evaluated. The filler adhesion to the polymer matrix has been improved using titanate particle treatment which has been chosen between silane and zirconate. The use of titanate as coupling agent enlarges the range of operating temperatures and also improves the interfacial bonding as it is displayed in impact fracture surface. Mechanical, thermal and rheological analysis were carried out in order to analyze the effect of the modified ES loading percentage. Thermal analysis showed a proportional effect of the filler load over the degradation temperature and an inversely effect over the enthalpy. Effect of the modified ES content on mechanical properties of PE/ES was also studied. The results showed that the modified CaCO3 can effectively improve the mechanical properties of bio PE, improving stiffness, hardness, flexural and tensile modulus. The amount of filler increases the viscosity, this fact specially hinders the processing processes which work with low shear rates. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This study has been funded by the "Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport" - Generalitat Valenciana (Reference number: GV/2014/008). The authors wish to thank to "Confiteria El Tunel" and to "Dulces Hispania" to collaborate in providing the eggshell.Boronat Vitoria, T.; Fombuena Borrás, V.; García Sanoguera, D.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; Balart Gimeno, RA. (2015). Development of a biocomposite based on green polyethylene biopolymer and eggshell. Materials and Design. 68:177-185. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2014.12.027S1771856

Properties of composite laminates based on basalt fibers with epoxidized vegetable oils

This paper deals with the development of polymeric materials derived from epoxidized vegetable oils which have been used in the manufacture of laminated composite materials with basalt fabrics. Epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) were used as biobased matrices. The basalt fabrics were modified with amino-silane and glycidyl-silane to increase fiber-matrix interactions. The curing behaviour of both resins was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and oscillatory rheometry (OR). The evaluation of mechanical properties was made by tensile, flexural and Charpy tests. The extent of the fiber-matrix interactions among interface was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results revealed that surface modification of basalt fibers with glycidyl-silane clearly improves the mechanical properties of the composites. The use of the ELO resin as matrix for composite laminates improved substantially the mechanical performance compared to composites made with ESBO. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This study was funded by the "Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport" - Generalitat Valenciana (reference number: GV/2014/008).Samper Madrigal, MD.; Petrucci, R.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; Balart Gimeno, RA.; Kenny, JM. (2015). Properties of composite laminates based on basalt fibers with epoxidized vegetable oils. Materials and Design. 72:9-15. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.02.002S9157

New environmentally friendly composite laminates with epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and slate fiber fabrics

This work focuses on the development of new composite laminates based on the use of epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) as matrix and reinforcement fabrics from slate fibers with different silane treatments. The curing behavior of the ELO resin is followed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the gelation is studied by oscillatory rheometry and gel-time. Composite laminates of ELO matrix and slate fabrics are manufactured by Rein Transfer Molding (RTM) and the mechanical properties of the composite laminates are tested in tensile, flexural and impact conditions. The effects of different silane coupling agents on fiber-matrix interface phenomena are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As in other siliceous fibers, silane treatment leads to improved mechanical performance but glycidyl silane treatment produces the optimum results as the interactions between silanized slate fiber and epoxidized linseed oil are remarkably improved as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This study has been funded by the "Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport" - Generalitat Valenciana (reference number: GV/2014/008). Authors thank Microscopy Services at UPV for helping in using SEM technique.Samper Madrigal, MD.; Petrucci, R.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; Balart Gimeno, RA.; Kenny, JM. (2015). New environmentally friendly composite laminates with epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and slate fiber fabrics. Composites Part B: Engineering. 71:203-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.11.0342032097

Surface modification of polylactic acid (PLA) by air atmospheric plasma treatment

The main objective of this experimental study is the validation of the technique of atmospheric plasma with the aim of improving the surface energy of the polylactic acid (PLA) for further adhesion uses. The wettability of PLA has been improved with the application of an atmospheric plasma surface treatment. This method provides good adhesion properties with the optimizing the process parameters in terms of the nozzle substrate distance and sample advance rate. In order to achieve that goal, a new and environmentally friendly technology has been used which is based on the use of air atmospheric plasma. The effects of the surface treatment on this type of substrates have been analyzed. The macroscopic effects of the process parameters have been determined using contact angle measurements and subsequent surface free energy (SFE) calculation. In addition, the chemical changes at the topmost layers have been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Surface topography changes due to the plasma-acting mechanisms have been evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained results show a remarkable increase in surface free energy from 37.1 mJ m 2 up to values of 60 mJ m 2 thus indicating the effectiveness of the air plasma treatment. The main advantage of this technology is that the industrial process is continuous, it is easy to establish in current production systems and it does not generate wastes. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Jordá Vilaplana, A.; Fombuena Borrás, V.; García García, D.; Samper Madrigal, MD.; Sánchez Nacher, L. (2014). Surface modification of polylactic acid (PLA) by air atmospheric plasma treatment. European Polymer Journal. (58):23-33. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.06.002S23335

Buenos días: la clase de hoy es un juego ¿y porqué no?

[EN] The authors have developed a game based on traditional question-andanswer challenge as an alternative method to master classes. An important part of the contents and topics of the subjects taught by the authors are developed using this new methodology. It is based on gamification, teamwork and collaborative learning combined with an adaptation of the Aronson puzzle technique. This game can be done in any type of environment or classroom, during the class time assigned to the subject and hardly requires additional material. On the other hand, with the development of the game, the Transversal Competences of the Universitat Politècnica de València "Comprehension and Integration", "Teamwork and Leadership", "Effective Communication" and "Planning and Time Management" are worked. Student satisfaction has been evaluated using this alternative teaching method presentin very positive results. Although the implementation of the method is recent, no barely records are available, it appears that the academic performance is increasing.[ES] Los autores han desarrollado un juego basado en los tradicionales juegos de preguntas y respuestas como método alternativo a las clases magistrales. Una parte importante de los contenidos y temarios de las asignaturas impartidas por los autores son desarrollados mediante esta nueva metodología, que se basa en la gamificicación, en el trabajo en equipo y en el aprendizaje colaborativo combinado con una adapctación de la técnica puzzle de Aronson. Dicho juego se puede realizar en cualquier tipo de entorno o aula, en el tiempo de clase asiganado a la asignatura y apenas requiere de material adicional. Además con su aplicación se trabajan en clase al mismo tiempo las Competencias Tranversales de la Universitat Politècnica de València de “Comprensión e Integración”, “Trabajo en Equipo y Liderazgo”, “Comunicación Efectiva” y “Planificación y Gestión del Tiempo”. Se ha evaluado la satisfacción del alumnado con respecto a este método alternativo de docencia con resultados muy positivos. Del mismo modo, aunque la implantación del método es reciente, no disponiendose de apenas registros, parece que se está logrando incrementar el rendimiento académico.Montañés Muñoz, N.; Balart, R.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; Quiles Carrillo, LJ.; Fombuena, V. (2017). Buenos días: la clase de hoy es un juego ¿y porqué no?. En In-Red 2017. III Congreso Nacional de innovación educativa y de docencia en red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 438-445. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2017.2017.6824OCS43844

Mejora de las propiedades adhesivas de PLA/PLA mediante adhesivos biodegradables

En el campo del envase y el embalaje, donde se produce alto volumen de residuos, hay una gran demanda de materiales biodegradables, que no dañen el medio ambiente, y que además se puedan degradar de forma natural con el tiempo. Este sector produce un gran volumen de residuos que acaban depositados en el medio ambiente, con la consecuente contaminación que esto conlleva. Además la tendencia actual, sobretodo en grandes superficies, de envasar la mayoría de productos y la utilización de productos denominados de usar y tirar incrementa este volumen de residuos. Por tanto, es necesaria la sustitución de estos residuos por materiales biodegradables que no dañen el medio ambiente. Además de esto, este sector industrial requiere buenas propiedades adhesivas en los sustratos que utiliza para fabricar los envases en función del diseño del mismo. Como novedad se pretende tratar el biopolímero elegido, en este caso el PLA, con tratamiento superficial con plasma atmosférico, para mejorar sus propiedades de humectabilidad y por lo tanto de adhesión, utilizando un adhesivo biodegradable.Jorda-Vilaplana, A.; Fombuena Borrás, V.; García García, D.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; García Sanoguera, D. (2014). Mejora de las propiedades adhesivas de PLA/PLA mediante adhesivos biodegradables. Compobell, S.L. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/70659

Nuevos materiales biobasados con matriz de ácido poliláctico y refuerzo de cáscara de avellana

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es la obtención de Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) biobasados con matriz de ácido poliláctico (PLA) y refuerzo de cáscara de avellana. Se han realizado cuatro formulaciones con distintos porcentajes en peso tanto de ácido poliláctico como de cáscara de avellana. Los diferentes compuestos han sido caracterizados mecánicamente mediante un test de impacto y otro de dureza. Las fracturas obtenidas han sido observadas mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM). El análisis de los resultados indica una falta de interacción entre la matriz de PLA y la partícula de cáscara de avellana.Esta investigación fue apoyada por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad - MINECO, Ref: MAT2014-59242-C2-1-R. Los autores también agradecen a la "Conselleria d'Educació, Cultura i Esport" - Generalitat Valenciana, Ref: GV/2014/008 el apoyo financiero.Balart Gimeno, JF.; García Sanoguera, D.; Carbonell Verdú, A.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; Boronat Vitoria, T. (2015). Nuevos materiales biobasados con matriz de ácido poliláctico y refuerzo de cáscara de avellana. Compobell, S.L. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/73472