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    Ensilaje de rastrojo de ma铆z asociado con diferentes niveles de urea y melaza para la alimentaci贸n de rumiantes. Caracterizaci贸n y posicionamiento estrat茅gico

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    El conocimiento de la adici贸n de melaza y urea, y su efecto sobre el tiempo de ensilado de los alimentos ricos en fibra, resulta fundamental para la conservaci贸n y calidad nutritiva de estos alimentos, de forma que se puedan suministrar al ganado como alimento principal o complementario de los pastos durante los periodos cr铆ticos. Se estudi贸 el efecto de la inclusi贸n de urea sobre la composici贸n nutricional y microbiolog铆a del ensilado de rastrojo de ma铆z, as铆 como de la cin茅tica de degradaci贸n ruminal in situ e in situ. Se parti贸 de cuatro de tratamientos al adicionar el 0, 1, 2 y 3% de urea a una mezcla de rastrojo de ma铆z con el 10% de melaza. Se elaboraron 128 microsilos (3 kg/unidad y 4 repeticiones por tratamiento). La apertura de los silos se realiz贸 a los 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 y 56 d铆as. Se determin贸 el contenido de la materia seca (MS), materia org谩nica (MO), prote铆na bruta (PB), fibra neutro detergente (FND) y fibra 谩cido detergente (FAD) desde el punto de vista de la composici贸n qu铆mica, as铆 como la temperatura y pH cono indicadores tecnol贸gicos y el recuento de bacterias totales, lactobacillus, y hongos como variables de calidad microbiol贸gica. La degradabilidad in situ se obtuvo mediante el m茅todo de Mehrez y Orskov y la degradabilidad de MS y PB mediante el an谩lisis de los residuos con el m茅todo Kjeldhal. Adem谩s del c谩lculo de los estad铆sticos descriptivos, los datos se analizaron con el procedimiento GLM y el test de Tukey (P卤<0.05) del SAS, la opci贸n CONTRAST y la funci贸n SOLVER de Microsoft EXCEL庐. Se evidenci贸 la existencia de diferencias significativas para todas las variables excepto MO. El mejor comportamiento del ensilado se observ贸 a los 35 d铆as de fermentaci贸n (p<0,05), atendiendo al incremento de MS y PB, as铆 como disminuci贸n de las variables relacionadas con la pared celular (FND y FAD). Desde el punto de vista microbiol贸gico, se evidenci贸 aumento del recuento de bacterias totales y lactobacillus y reducci贸n del recuento de hongos. La inclusi贸n de los niveles de urea redujo linealmente (P<0.05) el contenido de fibra detergente acida (FDA) del ensilado y aument贸 linealmente (P<0.05) la degradabilidad efectiva de la MS y la PB, por un aumento (P<0.05) de las fracciones soluble y potencialmente degradable de la misma. Se ajustaron ecuaciones polin贸micas de tercer orden para todas las horas en ambos casos excepto para las 72 horas para MS y las cero y tres horas en la PB con R2=0,94. Para la cin茅tica en la MS los mejores resultados se alcanzaron en los niveles crecientes de urea. Asimismo, los mejores resultados para la fracci贸n soluble, degradaci贸n potencial y efectiva se alcanzaron con la adici贸n del 3% de urea con valores 33,61; 64,58 y 53,53%, respectivamente; mientras que no hubo diferencias significativas en PB para los par谩metros a, b y c. Los resultados evidenciaron el marcado efecto de los nieles de urea con incrementos en la degradabilidad de la materia seca y prote铆na. Para todos los indicadores estudiados se encontr贸 interacciones superiores a (P<0,01) m茅todo de digestibilidad x nivel de urea. Los mayores valores para MS, MO, FND y FAD fueron 65,01; 65,16; 56,15 y 48,23%, respectivamente para el nivel de adici贸n de urea al 3% y la metodolog铆a in situ. La degradabilidad ruminal In Situ de MS ascendi贸 conforme aument贸 el nivel de urea, excepto en el caso del factor c, mientras que para PB no reflej贸 diferencias entre los distintos tratamientos. La degradabilidad efectiva fue superior en MS, y con mayor variabilidad entre tratamientos, que en PB donde se apreci贸 un comportamiento m谩s homog茅neo. Se encontraron correlaciones de Pearson significativas entre los componentes de la composici贸n qu铆mica (PB, FND, FAD) y la digestibilidad in situ de MS, PB, MO, FND y FAD. La adici贸n de urea durante el proceso de ensilado mejora la digestibilidad y aporte de nutrientes de este en la medida que se incrementan los niveles de urea. As铆 como, existen diferencias entre las t茅cnica in vitro e in situ, con los mejores resultados en la in situ. En definitiva, la adici贸n de urea al 3% mejora la composici贸n nutricional y degradabilidad del ensilado de rastrojo de ma铆z con melaza, lo que hace posible que los peque帽os productores dispongan de una alternativa de suplementaci贸n animal eficiente y aceptable ambientalmente con esta t茅cnica.The knowledge of the addition of molasses and urea, and its effect on the ensiling time of foods rich in fiber, is essential for the conservation and nutritional quality of these foods, so that they can be supplied to livestock as main or complementary food of pastures during critical periods. The effect of the inclusion of urea on the nutritional composition and microbiology of the maize stubble silage, as well as the kinetics of ruminal degradation in situ and in situ, was studied. Four treatments were started by adding 0, 1, 2 and 3% urea to a mixture of maize stubble with 10% molasses. 128 microsilos were elaborated (3 kg/unit and 4 repetitions per treatment). The silos were opened at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days. The content of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (PB), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined from the point of view of chemical composition, as well as the temperature and pH as technological indicators and the count of total bacteria, lactobacillus, and fungi as variables of microbiological quality. The in situ degradability was obtained by the Mehrez and Orskov method and the degradability of MS and PB by the analysis of the residues with the Kjeldhal method. In addition to the calculation of descriptive statistics, the data were analyzed with the GLM procedure and the Tukey test of the SAS, the CONTRAST option and the SOLVER function of Microsoft EXCEL庐. The existence of significant differences was evidenced for all variables except OM. The best performance of the silage was observed at 35 days of fermentation (p<0.05), attending to the increase in DM and CP, as well as a decrease in the variables related to the cell wall (NDF and FAD). From a microbiological point of view, there was an increase in the count of total bacteria and lactobacillus and a reduction in the count of fungi. The inclusion of urea levels linearly reduced (p<0.05) the content of acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the silage and increased linearly (P <0.05) the effective degradability of DM and CP, due to an increase (p<0.05) of the soluble and potentially degradable fractions thereof. Third order polynomial equations were adjusted for all hours in both cases except for 72 hours for MS and zero and three hours for PB with R2=0.94. For the kinetics in the MS the best results were achieved in the increasing levels of urea. Likewise, the best results for the soluble fraction, potential and effective degradation were achieved with the addition of 3% urea with values 33.61; 64.58 and 53.53%, respectively; while there were no significant differences in PB for parameters a, b and c. The results showed the marked effect of urea levels with increases in the degradability of dry matter and protein. Interactions superior to (p<0.01) digestibility method x urea level were found for all the indicators studied. The highest values for MS, MO, FND and FAD were 65.01; 65.16; 56.15 and 48.23%, respectively for the level of addition of 3% urea and the in situ methodology. In Situ ruminal degradability of DM increased as the urea level increased, except in the case of factor c, while for PB it did not reflect differences between the different treatments. The effective degradability was higher in DM, and with greater variability between treatments, than in PB where a more homogeneous behavior was observed. Significant Pearson correlations between the components of the chemical composition (PB, FND, FAD) and the in situ digestibility of MS, PB, MO, FND and FAD were found. The addition of urea during the ensiling process improves its digestibility and nutrient supply as urea levels increase. As well as, there are differences between the in vitro and in situ techniques, with the best results in the in situ. In short, the addition of 3% urea improves the nutritional composition and degradability of maize stubble silage with molasses, which makes it possible for small producers to have an efficient and environmentally acceptable animal supplementation alternative with this technique
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