Persistence of hazard fecal bacteria for public health in a stream at the municipality of Aguazul Casanare

This study comes from a pollution case under an administrative point of view, but mainly this study targets to establish the spatial range which this pollutionreaches on the territory, serving to set further studies on where has to be measured its socioeconomical effects. The case´ scenario is a punctual discharge of wastewater from the municipal depurator facility on a natural stream. The pollution was traced by the amount of fecal coliforms in water samples at ten sampling points along the stream course. Was evaluated the water suspended bacteria (planktonic coliforms) and the attached bacteria to submerged surfaces (benthic coliforms), looking for a mathematical model to describe its behavior. There along the stream was observed a decreasing trend on planktonic coliforms by a dilution effect, but also was observed an increasing trend on benthic coliforms, indicating that these bacteria can be persistent in theaquatic ecosystem under this life form (biofilm). This pollution reaches near to7km downstream from the spill-pipe discharge, where along this course there are many users of this water, mainly for crops irrigation. Furthermore was observed livestock animals grazing on the stream. All this implicates an irregular situation according to environmental normative about waters, also can causes administrative problems to the municipality because this pollution can risk public health to downstream inhabitants and workers with diseases

FACTORES DE RIESGO QUE INCIDEN EN LA HIPERTENSIÓN GESTACIONAL EN SAN GIL, SANTANDER

Introducción. En la actualidad, debido a diversos factores de riesgo, las gestantes se están enfrentando a la hipertensión gestacional, una de las afectaciones de mayor frecuencia asociada a mayor número de morbilidad materna y perinatal. Método: Es un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, para el que se seleccionaron 18 historias clínicas de gestantes con hipertensión arterial, entre octubre de 2008 y diciembre de 2010, se aplicó el instrumento “Aspectos prenatales generalesâ€. Resultados: Se pudo determinar la edad entre 21 y 30 años 50% (9), nivel socio económico estrato 2 con 50% (9), escolaridad secundaria 55.56% (10), unión libre 50% (9), régimen subsidiado 89.89% (16), asistieron entre 10 a 12 controles 44.44% (8), atendidos por profesionales de la salud 66.67% (12) médico, enfermera y especialista, menarquía 12 años 38.89% (7), primigestante 44.44% (8), sin cesárea55.56% (10), sin aborto72.22% (13), ningún hijo muerto 89.89% (16), si presentaron amenaza de aborto 66.67% (12), tensión arterial en el tercer trimestre de 140/100 mmHg 33.33% (6), signos y síntomas durante la gestación 33.33% (6) cambios en la visión, cefalea, nauseas, vómito, disuria, aumento de tensión arterial y proteinuria, recibieron educación 66.67% (12) en hipertensión gestacional. Conclusiones: Se determinó que las mujeres embarazadas con hipertensión gestacional presentaron aumento paulatino de la tensión arterial con mayor presencia en el último trimestre

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol�which is a marker of cardiovascular risk�changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95 credible interval 3.7 million�4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

ACUICULTURA EPICONTINENTAL DEL CAMARÓN BLANCO DEL PACÃFICO, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931).

Se hizo una revisión sobre el estatus del cultivo de camarón Litopenaeus vannamei en agua de baja salinidad, presentando características, ventajas, desventajas y medidas de mitigación sobre el impacto ambiental de este sistema de cultivo. Este trabajo aborda aspectos relevantes con la finalidad de trazar un camino hacia la sustentabilidad de esta alternativa de cultivo que se expande rápidamente en México

¿Es segura la cirugía conservadora de bazo en el trauma abdominal?

Antecedentes: El tratamiento del traumatismo esplénico se basa en medidas conservadoras no quirúrgicas o en el uso de radiología intervencionista. La cirugía conservadora del bazo en el traumatismo esplénico sigue siendo inusual. Objetivo: El análisis de seguridad y eficacia del tratamiento quirurgico conservador en el traumatismo esplénico. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo durante un período de 16 años con la intención de registrar la actitud diagnóstica y terapéutica en un hospital de segundo nivel, enfocándose en los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico conservador esplénico por traumatismo esplénico, excluyendo esplenectomías y tratamientos no quirúrgicos. Resultados: 110 pacientes presentaron traumatismo esplénico. La cirugía conservadora esplénica se realizó en 15 pacientes. Los grados de lesiones esplénicas fueron: 1 paciente con grado I, 1 paciente con grado II, 7 pacientes con grado III y 6 pacientes con grado IV. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue esplenorrafia en 5 pacientes (33%), agentes hemostáticos y malla de ácido poliglicólico en 4 (26%), esplenectomía parcial con colocación de malla de ácido poliglicólico en 3 (20%), esplenectomía parcial en 2 (13%) y hemostasia con electrocauterio en 1 (6%). Ninguno de los pacientes tratados inicialmente con cirugía conservadora requirió esplenectomía posterior y ningún paciente falleció. Conclusiones: La cirugía conservadora esplénica puede ser útil y segura en traumatismos esplénicos, la cual tendría su lugar en traumatismos de grados II, III y IV en centros hospitalarios en los que no se cuente con radiología intervencionista urgente