Types and Scales of Enterprises Being Run by the Women Entrepreneurs of Self-help Groups in Andhra Pradesh

The present investigation was carried out in three districts of Andhra Pradesh viz., Chittoor (from Rayalaseema region), East Godavari (from Coastal region) and Srikakulam (from North Coastal region) during 2016-18. About 63 types of enterprises being run by 240 entrepreneurs depending upon availability of natural resources and demand in the local area coming to a total of 286 enterprises. Provision shop (16.08%) was the main choice of the respondents, followed by Tailoring (13.29%), Dairy (6.99%), equal (4.55%) percentage with Small hotel/Tiffin centre and Sarees and dress materials/ Cloth business and Fancy shop (4.20%). One-third (33.22%) of the SHG members running the enterprise with an income range of ` 50,001-1,00,000. Only 0.70 per cent of the SHG members running the enterprise with an income range of ` 5,00,001 and above. More than half (56.99%) of the enterprises being run by the SHG women entrepreneurs were the primary sources of income for their family. There was a significant association between the types of enterprises and scale of enterprise

HIV/AIDS-tuberculosis (pulmonary and extra pulmonary) co-infection: CD4 correlation

Background: AIDS is the leading cause of death among people 15-59 years old in low income countries. Worldwide, approximately one-third of all AIDS-related deaths are associated with TB. TB is the primary cause of death for 10-15% of patients with HIV infection. So the present study was conducted to find the correlation between sputum positivity and CD4 cell count in patients with HIV/AIDS-Tuberculosis co-infection.Methods: The present study was a retrospective hospital based study of patients with HIV/AIDS-Tuberculosis co-infection, attending ART centre, department of medicine, Osmania general hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India between November 2014 to September 2015. Data included clinical profile, complete blood picture, renal and liver function tests, sputum microscopy and C/S and chest X-Ray and others as and when required.Results: We included 180 HIV/AIDS infected patients on ART with tuberculosis (TB) co-infection. Out of 180 patients, 132 were males and 48 were females. Among male’s ≥40 (51.51%) year’s age group and among females 30-39 (56.25%) year’s age group was the most commonly affected. Out of 180 cases 60 were sputum positive. 60 sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis and 60 were extra pulmonary TB. CD4 cell count was <200/mm3 in 36 (60%) of sputum positive TB, 43 (71.7%) of sputum negative pulmonary TB & 39 (65%) of extra pulmonary TB patients. CD4 cell count was 200-400/mm3 in 16(26.7%) of sputum positive pulmonary TB, 13 (21.7%) of sputum negative TB and 19 (31.7%) of extra pulmonary TB patients. CD4 cell count was >400/mm3 in 8 (13.3%) of sputum positive pulmonary TB, 4 (6.6%) of sputum negative pulmonary TB and 2 (3.3%) of extra pulmonary TB patients.Conclusions: Present study concludes that male sex and age group >30 years were the commonly affected population. All forms of tuberculosis were common when CD4 count was <200 cells/mm3. The sputum negativity was higher with lower CD4 counts.

Study on Efficacy of Expired and Active Forms of Various Antibiotics on Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicines. The cell protection strategies in the organisms, development of resistance in previously susceptible microbes, the inevitable progression of microbes exposed to antibiotics to develop resistance, were the nesisities that ensures the need for continual cycles of discovery and development of new antibiotics. A large variety of antibiotics are available in the drug market today, several others being added regularly in combat with various pathogens that cause disease in humans as well as in animals. Our present study focused to investigate the change in efficacy of commonly used antibiotics such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, sparfloxacin, cefixime. We have collected antibiotics with before and after their expiry dates. A simple eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to study the comparative understanding of this microbe with these different antibiotics. In our investigation we found that response of Sacchromyces cerevisiae towards different antibiotics varied in its intricacies. Fresh forms of antibiotics have significantly inhibiting the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as compared to expired forms. The observations revealed that expired forms of antibiotics loose their efficacy drastically

Types and Scales of Enterprises Being Run by the Women Entrepreneurs of Self-help Groups in Andhra Pradesh

The present investigation was carried out in three districts of Andhra Pradesh viz., Chittoor (from Rayalaseema region), East Godavari (from Coastal region) and Srikakulam (from North Coastal region) during 2016-18. About 63 types of enterprises being run by 240 entrepreneurs depending upon availability of natural resources and demand in the local area coming to a total of 286 enterprises. Provision shop (16.08%) was the main choice of the respondents, followed by Tailoring (13.29%), Dairy (6.99%), equal (4.55%) percentage with Small hotel/Tiffin centre and Sarees and dress materials/ Cloth business and Fancy shop (4.20%). One-third (33.22%) of the SHG members running the enterprise with an income range of ` 50,001-1,00,000. Only 0.70 per cent of the SHG members running the enterprise with an income range of ` 5,00,001 and above. More than half (56.99%) of the enterprises being run by the SHG women entrepreneurs were the primary sources of income for their family. There was a significant association between the types of enterprises and scale of enterprise