Resistance Pattern Of Urinary Tract Infection Bacterial Isolates To Selected Quinolones

The Quinolones inhibit bacteria by interacting with DNA topoisomerases (gyrases) of which four subunits (two A and B monomers) have been identified thus, inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase. High level resistance to quinolones can be produced by serial exposure of bacteria to subinhibitory concentration. A Total of 408 suspected UTI and high vagina swab (HVS) samples were examined for bacteria and the isolates obtained tested against the newer quinolones. Prevalence of Bacterial isolates revealed Escherichia coli 110(92%) as the most isolated organism from urine, while Staphylococcus aureus 31(32%) was the most isolated species from HVS samples. Bacterial species such as coliforms 55(70%) and Klebsiella spp 42(84%), equally had high prevalence rate in urine samples. Pseudomonas aeroginosa 19(66%) was next to Staphylococcus aureus in terms of prevalence of isolated strains from HVS samples. The resistance pattern observed for these isolates, showed that the strains were least resistant to Ciprofloxacin, followed by Ofloxacin and Perfloxacin, while they were most resistant to Nalidixic acid. There was however no statistical significance (

Effects of Farm and Non-Farm Income on Income-Inequality among Rural Households in Osun –State, Nigeria

Rural households in sub-Sahara African drive their income from a variety of sources with farm and non-farm activities accounting for a substantial share of total income. Despite the importance of non-farm activities for rural farm households, little is still known about the impact of such activities on the distribution of income and poverty in Nigeria. This study access the effect of farm and non-farm income on Income- inequality among rural household. The study was carried out in osun state, Nigeria. The study was based on primary data obtained through the use of three hundred and fifty-four structure questionnaire using a multi-stage (three stage) sampling procedure. Both descriptive statistics, gini inequality decomposition by type of income and tobit model analysis were used to analyzed the data obtain.The result obtained from the study shows that majority (64.12%) of all households’ derived income from farming which also accounted for 62.6% of the total income. The remaining 37.4% of total Income are derived from different sources from non-farm income. These are non-farm wage and self-employment, each respectively constituting 18.5% and 18.9%.Result of determinants of household income revealed that the major determinants of self-employment income were the age of the household head, their sex, years of farming experience and their household size. For non-farm wage employment income, their major determinant were the sex of the household need, household educational level, farming experience, access to credit and land ownership. For determinants of farm income, only farming experience and land ownership were the significant determinants of the income.Result of gini decomposition by type of income method reveal that farm income as a whole account for 85.31% while non-farm account for only 14.6% of total inequality. The relative concentration coefficient of 1.51 also confirm that farm income is inequality increasing where as non-farm income with value of 0.42 in inequality decreasing in the study area.Conclusively, non-farm income will help in absolving farm income stock and improve income distribution among household in rural areas. Keywords: effect, farm income, non-farm income, income inequality, rural household

Production of Biodegradable Detergent from Castor Oil

This research work was carried out with the objective of extraction of oil from castor seeds and its utilization to produce a biodegradable detergent. Solvent extraction method was employed in extracting the oil and the total percent oil yield was found to be 23.8%. The experimentally determined saponification value of the oil was 183.7275mgKOH/g of oil. The detergent efficiency, determined as a measure of the foamability of the detergent was found to be 2.6cm. The pH tests revealed mildly basic properties. The color, scent and efficiency of the detergent were improved with the addition of bleaching agent, perfume and foaming agents respectively. Keywords: Castor seeds, Castor Oil, Biodegradable detergent, Saponification DOI: 10.7176/CMR/11-1-0

Design And Implementation of Dsp-Based Intelligent Controller For Automobile Braking System

An intelligent braking system has great potential applications especially, in developed countries where research on smart vehicle and intelligent highways are receiving ample attention. The system when integrated with other subsystems like automatic traction control, intelligent throttle, and auto cruise systems, etc will result in smart vehicle maneuver. The driver at the end of the day will become the passenger, safety accorded the highest priority and the journey optimized in term of time duration, cost, efficiency and comfortability. The impact of such design and development will cater for the need of contemporary society that aspires to a quality drive as well as to accommodate the advancement of technology especially in the area of smart sensors and actuators. The emergence of digital signal processor enhances the capacity and features of universal microcontroller. This paper introduces the use of TI DSP, TMS320LF2407 as an engine of the system. The overall system is designed so that the value of inter-vehicle distance from infrared laser sensor and speed of follower car from speedometer are fed into the DSP for processing, resulting in the DSP issuing commands to the actuator to function appropriately

Elasto-thermo-visco-plastic numerical modelling from a laboratory to geodynamic scale: implications for convergence-driven experiments

The development of a subduction zone, whether spontaneous or induced, encompasses a stage of strain localization and is epitomized by the growth of lithospheric-scale shear bands. Our aim in this paper, using a solid-mechanical constitutive description relevant for oceanic lithosphere, is to investigate factors that promote or inhibit localization of deformation in brittle and ductile regimes in convergence-driven numerical experiments. We used the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and a non-associative flow rule, allowing viscoplastic deformation to take directions independent of the preferred direction of yield. We present a step-by-step description of the constitutive law and the consistent algorithmic tangent modulus. The model domain contains an initial weak-zone on which localization can potentially nucleate. In solving the energy conservation problem, we incorporate a heat source term from the mechanical deformations which embodies the irreversible plastic work done. This work term couples the energy equation to the constitutive description, and hence hence the stress balance, via the evolving temperature field. On a sample-scale, we first conduct a series of isothermal benchmark tests. We then explore behavior including shear heating and volumetric work both separately and in concert. and thereby address the (in)significance of the latter, and hence assess their potential importance. We find that dilatational effects mostly enhance both shear band development and shear heating. We also observe that high temperature promotes shear band development whereas high confining pressure inhibits it, and infer that the competition between these factors is likely to be the major influence on the position within the lithosphere where shear bands nucleate