Simultaneous Formation and Spatial Patterning of ZnO on ITO Surfaces by Local Laser-Induced Generation of Microbubbles in Aqueous Solutions of [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺

We demonstrate the simultaneous formation and spatial patterning of ZnO nanocrystals on an indium–tin oxide (ITO) surface upon local heating using a laser (1064 nm) and subsequent formation of microbubbles. Laser irradiation of an ITO surface in aqueous [Zn­(NH₃)₄]²⁺ solution (1.0 × 10^–2 M at pH 12.0) under an optical microscope produced ZnO nanocrystals, the presence of which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman microspectroscopy. Scanning the focused laser beam over the ITO surface generated a spatial ZnO pattern (height: ∼60 nm, width: ∼1 μm) in the absence of a template or mask. The Marangoni convection generated in the vicinity of the microbubbles resulted in a rapid concentration/accumulation of [Zn­(NH₃)₄]²⁺ around the microbubbles, which led to the formation of ZnO at the solid–bubble–solution three-phase contact line around the bubbles and thus afforded ZnO nanocrystals on the ITO surface upon local heating with a laser