Regarding Marxism

My paper refers to Leszek Kołakowski’s Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origin, Growth, and Dissolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1987). Kołakowski’s intention was to write a textbook on the history of Marxism based on his lectures but his book is much more than that. It is a philosophical treatise in which Marx’s doctrine of mankind and the program of its liberation are critically analysed and reinterpreted. The core of Marx’s philosophy is the idea of man and the belief that the real existence of humans is not identical with their essence. Kołakowski shows that this belief is rooted in mythological thinking, the Platonic tradition, and in the Christian thought. A moral that follows from Kołakowski’s critical analysis of Marx’s doctrine is that man has never lived in a paradise and yet he perceives himself as banished thereof; that he will never enter a paradise and yet he cannot live without the faith that this is somehow possible. Therefore, what he should do is to have a minimum of common sense and skepticism related to it, for they would protect him against the traps laid by false prophets repeatedly asserting that they know the means to construct the paradise today or at least tomorro

Human Rights of Migrants: The Dawn of a New Era?

The purpose of this article is to highlight a number of key legal and policy developments which have occurred since the turn of the twenty-first century and to reflect on how these have and may advance the protection of the human rights of migrants. This article is optimistic and forward-looking in tenor, although the generally positive developments discussed do not necessarily mean that abuses of migrants and violations of their rights are no longer taking place. Nonetheless, if ten years of relatively intense activity can be viewed as a sound measure of progress, there is some cause for optimism that a new era may well be dawning for the human rights of migrants and for human rights generally, through the growing recognition that adequately protecting one of the most vulnerable groups in many societies is today the true measure of our humanity

Phytoplankton of the Olaf Prydz Bay (Indian Ocean, East Antarctica) in February 1969

Paper received 10 December 1979.Qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton of the Olaf Prydz Bay (Indian Ocean, East Antarctica) was determined on the basis of 49 samples collected at 34 sampling stations during the period from the 15th to 24th February 1969. Altogether 59 taxa of algae were identified — among them: 57 taxa of the class Bacillariophyceae, 1 species of the class Chrysophyceae and 1 genus of the class Dinophyceae. Species occurring most frequently and most abundantly in the Olaf Prydz Bay are diatoms: Thalassiothrix antarctica, Chaetoceros criophilus, Nitzschia curta, Rhizosolenia alata. At some stations Chaetoceros dichaeta occurred in great numbers. A decrease in phytoplankton numbers in the areas south of 67 S is associated with the lack of neritic algae among dominant species.Диатомеи преобладали как качественно, так и количественно в фитопланктоне залива Прюдс, сектор Индийского океана, Антарктида. Было определено 59 таксонов водо- рослей, среди которых 57 принадлежит к классу Bacillariophyceae, 1 — к классу Chrysophyceae и 1 — к классу Dinophyceae. В прибрежных местах отбора проб найболее численны были неритические виды: Nitzschia curta и Chaetoceros dichaeta, а также океани- ческий вид Thalassiothrix antarctica. В местах отдаленных от берега (на север от 67° ю.ш.) найболее численными были океанические виды: Rhizosolenia alata, Chaetoceros criophilus. Thalassiothrix antarctica. Rhizosolenia styliformis, Rhizosolenia hebatata f. semispina. Одновре- менное присутствие неритических и океанических видов наблюдалось во всем заливе. Выделено 11 видов, выступающих в большинстве мест. Чаще всего выступали: Thalassiothrix antarctica, Chaetoceros criophilus, Nitzschia curta, Rhizosolenia alata. На севере от 67° ю.ш. наблюдось отсутствие неритических водорослей среди доминирующих видов. Одновре- менно заметно снижалась численность фитопланктона.Okrzemki dominują jakościowo i ilościowo w fitoplanktonie występującym w Zatoce Olafa Prydza leżącej u wybrzeży Antarktydy w sektorze Oceanu Indyjskiego. Zidentyfikowano 59 taksonów glonów, z czego 57 należy do klasy Bacillariophyceae, 1 do klasy Chrysophyceae i 1 do klasy Dinophyceae. Na stanowiskach przybrzeżnych największy udział procentowy miały gatunki nerytyczne Nitzschia curta i Chaetoceros dichaeta oraz gatunek oceaniczny Thalassiothrix antarctica. Na stanowiskach oddalonych od brzegu (na północ od 67°S) największy udział miały gatunki oceaniczne: Rhizosolenia alata, Chaetoceros criophilus, Thalassiothrix antarctica, Rhizosolenia styliformis i Rhizosolenia hebetata f. semispina. Jednoczesne występowanie gatunków nerytycznych i oceanicznych obserwowano w całej Zatoce. Wyróżniono U gatunków występujących na większości stanowisk. Najczęściej występowały: Thalassiothrix antarctica, Chaetoceros criophilus, Nitzschia curta i Rhizosolenia alata. Na północ od 67°S brak jest wśród gatunków dominujących glonów nerytycznych. Jednocześnie zaznacza się spadek liczebności fitoplanktonu

Taxonomic results of the Bryotrop expedition to Zaire and Rwanda : 20., Grimmiaceae, Funariaceae, Bartramiaceae (Philonotis), Amblystegiaceae, Plagiotheciaceae

For worldwide monograph see Bremer (1980a, b, 1981). Unfortunately, this treatment is not particularly useful because the author accepted an exceedingly broad species concept and actually very many distinct and easily recognizable exotic species has simply been lumped with S. apocarpum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. in B., S. & G. In tropical East Africa at least five distinct species have so far been recorded (Kis 1985), but it is very likely that this number will increase with progress in taxonomic study of the genus and floristic exploration of the bryologically undercollected areas

Twenty Years of Poland's Euro-Atlantic Foreign Policy

During the years 1989-1991, after a deep transformation of the internal system and the international order in Europe, Poland pursued a sovereign foreign policy. The new policy had the following general goals: 1) to develop a new international security system which would guarantee Poland's national security; 2) to gain diplomatic support for the reforms conducted in Poland, including primarily the transformation of the economy and its adaption to free market mechanisms, which were designed to result in economic growth; and 3) to maintain and increase the international prestige of Poland and the Poles, who had been the first to commence the struggle to create a democratic civil society in the Eastern bloc. Implementing this new concept of foreign policy, Poland entered the Council of Europe in November 1991. The following year, Warsaw started to strive for membership of NATO, which was achieved in March 1999. A few years later, Polish leaders pursued policies in which Poland played the role of a "Trojan horse" for the USA. This was manifested most clearly during the Iraqi crisis of 2003, and in the following years, particularly in 2005-2007. From spring 1990 Poland aspired to integration with the European Community; in December of the following year it signed an association agreement, which fully entered into force in February 1994. In the period 1998-2002 Poland negotiated successfully with the European Union and finally entered this Union in May 2004. In subsequent years Poland adopted an Eurosceptic and sometimes anti-EU position. The new Polish government, established after the parliamentary election of autumn 2007, moved away from an Eurosceptic policy and pursued a policy of engagement with European integration