21 research outputs found
Competition between CâC and CâH Insertion in Prototype Transition MetalâHydrocarbon Reactions
Solar Absorption by Aerosol-Bound Nitrophenols Compared to Aqueous and Gaseous Nitrophenols
Nitrophenols
are well-known absorbers of near-UV/blue radiation
and are considered to be a component of solar-absorbing organic aerosol
material commonly labeled brown carbon. Nitrophenols have been identified
in a variety of phases in earthâs atmosphere, including the
gaseous, aqueous, and aerosol bound, and these different environments
alter their UVâvis absorption spectra, most dramatically when
deprotonated forming nitrophenolates. We quantify the impact of these
different absorption profiles by calculating the solar power absorbed
per molecule for several nitrophenols. For instance, aqueous 2,4-dinitrophenol
absorption varies dramatically over the pH range of cloud droplets
with pH = 5.5 solutions absorbing three times the solar power compared
to pH = 3.5 solutions. We also measured the UVâvis spectra
of 2-nitrophenol adsorbed on several aerosol substrates representative
of mineral dust, inorganic salts, and organic aerosol and compare
these spectra to gaseous and aqueous 2-nitrophenol. 2-Nitrophenol
adsorbed on mineral and chloride aerosol substrates exhibits a red-shifted
absorption band (âŒ450â650 nm) consistent with 2-nitrophenolate
and absorbs twice the solar power per molecule compared to gaseous,
aqueous, and organic aerosol-bound 2-nitrophenol. We also discuss
how different nitrophenol absorption profiles alter important atmospheric
photolysis rate constants [e.g., <i>J</i>(NO<sub>2</sub>) and <i>J</i>(O<sub>3</sub>)] by attenuating solar flux
Multiphase Ozonolysis of Aqueous 뱉Terpineol
Multiphase ozonolysis
of aqueous organics presents a potential
pathway for the formation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA).
We investigated the multiphase ozonolysis of α-terpineol, an
oxygenated derivative of limonene, and found that the reaction products
and kinetics differ from the gas-phase ozonolysis of α-terpineol.
One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopies along with GC-MS identified
the aqueous ozonolysis reaction products as <i>trans</i>- and <i>cis</i>-lactols [4-(5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)Âbutan-2-one]
and a lactone [4-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-(3-oxobutyl)-valeric acid gamma-lactone],
which accounted for 46%, 27%, and 20% of the observed products, respectively.
Hydrogen peroxide was also formed in 10% yield consistent with a mechanism
involving decomposition of hydroxyl hydroperoxide intermediates followed
by hemiacetal ring closure. Multiphase reaction kinetics at gaseous
ozone concentrations of 131, 480, and 965 parts-per-billion were analyzed
using a resistance model of net ozone uptake and found the second-order
rate coefficient for the aqueous reaction of α-terpineol + O<sub>3</sub> to be 9.9(±3.3) Ă 10<sup>6</sup> M<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup>. Multiphase ozonolysis will therefore be competitive
with multiphase oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (OH) and ozonolysis
of gaseous α-terpineol. We also measured product yields for
the heterogeneous ozonolysis of α-terpineol adsorbed on glass,
NaCl, and kaolinite, and identified the same three major products
but with an increasing lactone yield of 33, 49, and 55% on these substrates,
respectively
Ozone Decomposition on Kaolinite as a Function of Monoterpene Exposure and Relative Humidity
Atmospheric processing of mineral
aerosol by trace gases results
in the formation of surface-adsorbed products that have the capacity
to alter the chemical and physical properties of these airborne particulates.
To investigate one potential impact of aerosol processing by biogenic
volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), we investigated the heterogeneous
decomposition of ozone on pure and monoterpene-processed kaolinite.
We used a laminar flow reactor to measure O<sub>3</sub> reactive uptake
coefficients on kaolinite-coated tubes as a function of relative humidity,
O<sub>3</sub> concentration, and pre-exposure to gaseous limonene
and α-pinene. At 26% RH, kaolinite has a near equivalent of
a monolayer of adsorbed water, and the ozone steady-state uptake coefficient
was Îł<sub>av</sub> = 2.9 Ă 10<sup>â9</sup> assuming
the BET surface area. Pre-exposing kaolinite to limonene and α-pinene
increased O<sub>3</sub> uptake coefficients by nearly 2 orders of
magnitude to 2.1 Ă 10<sup>â7</sup> and 2.5 Ă 10<sup>â7</sup>, respectively. At all humidities studied (10â50%
RH), O<sub>3</sub> uptake was at least 1 order of magnitude higher
for monoterpene-processed kaolinite compared to that of pure kaolinite.
This dramatic increase in O<sub>3</sub> reactivity is attributed to
surface-adsorbed organics, namely limonenediol and α-terpineol,
which contain alkene functionalities susceptible to ozonolysis. Increasing
relative humidity decreased O<sub>3</sub> uptake for monoterpene-processed
kaolinite consistent with competitive adsorption of water resulting
in lower organic surface concentrations. These results demonstrate
the significant impact adsorbed organics can have on O<sub>3</sub> uptake coefficients on mineral aerosol, which should be accounted
for in atmospheric modeling studies
Apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes: a new immune checkpoint mechanism
Immunotherapy based on checkpoint inhibitors is providing substantial clinical benefit, but only to a minority of cancer patients. The current priority is to understand why the majority of patients fail to respond. Besides T-cell dysfunction, T-cell apoptosis was reported in several recent studies as a relevant mechanism of tumoral immune resistance. Several death receptors (Fas, DR3, DR4, DR5, TNFR1) can trigger apoptosis when activated by their respective ligands. In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory role of the main death receptors and how these are shaping the tumor microenvironment, with a focus on Fas and its ligand. Fas-mediated apoptosis of T cells has long been known as a mechanism allowing the contraction of T-cell responses to prevent immunopathology, a phenomenon known as activation-induced cell death, which is triggered by induction of Fas ligand (FasL) expression on T cells themselves and qualifies as an immune checkpoint mechanism. Recent evidence indicates that other cells in the tumor microenvironment can express FasL and trigger apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), including endothelial cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The resulting disappearance of TIL prevents anti-tumor immunity and may in fact contribute to the absence of TIL that is typical of âcoldâ tumors that fail to respond to immunotherapy. Interfering with the FasâFasL pathway in the tumor microenvironment has the potential to increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy