Ion-beam sputtering of NiO hole transporting layers for p-i-n halide perovskite solar cells

Ion-beam sputtering offers significant benefits in terms of deposition uniformity and pinhole-free thin-films without limiting the scalability of the process. In this work, the reactive ion-beam sputtering of nickel oxide has been developed for the hole transporting layer of a p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PCSs). The process is carried out by oxidation of the scattered Ni particles with additional post-treatment annealing regimes. Using deposition rate of 1.2 nm/min allowed growth of very uniform NiO coating with the roughness below 0.5 nm on polished Si wafer (15x15 cm2). We performed a complex investigation of structural, optical, surface and electrical properties of the NiO thin-films. The post-treatment annealing (150-300C) was considered as an essential process for improvement of the optical transparency, decrease of defects concentration and gain of the charge carrier mobility. As result, the annealed ion-beam sputtered NiO films delivered a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 20.14%, while device without post-treatment reached the value of 11.84%. The improvement of the output performance originated from an increase of the short-circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), shunt and contact properties in the devices. We also demonstrate that the ion-beam sputtering of NiO can be successfully implemented for the fabrication of large area modules (54.5 cm2) and PSCs on a flexible plastic substrate (125 microns)

An investigation on an early byzantine higher school in russian historiography

This article deals with the main approaches and achievements in the russian studies of late antiquity in-between period from antiquity to the middle ages. The current literature has an attempt to highlight the activities of leading scientists and their works as well as the activities of various regional schools on studying the higher schools of the Early Byzantiu

An Investigation on an Early Byzantine Higher School in Russian Historiography

This article deals with the main approaches and achievements in the Russian studies of Late Antiquity in-between period from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The current literature has an attempt to highlight the activities of leading scientists and their works as well as the activities of various regional schools on studying the higher schools of the Early Byzantium. The authors of the article came to the conclusion that there are some difficulties with the terminology in Russia, also there is no common understanding of this transitional time and many specialists prefer to work with narrow-focused material. Furthermore, there remains a ‘format’ of antiquists, Byzantinists and medievalists what makes integrative researches more difficult. To reveal these issues, the current study investigates the academic bibliography