6 research outputs found
Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ
Category A select agents continue to be major threat to human population both as naturally occurring diseases and as potential weapon of bioterrorists. Anthrax and botulism are probably the most threatening agents as both have virtually uncontrolled natural reservoirs from which they can be isolated and propagated. Available specific antitoxin therapy of both diseases is outdated; its efficiency is questionable as well as safety of reactogenic or human-derived components used in treatment. Highly sensitive toxin detection techniques are still not as widespread as it needed for timely alerting medical services. There is urgent need of pre-exposure prophylaxis and postexposure specific antitoxin therapy for anthrax and botulism. Analysis of modern studies in the field suggests oligoclonal antibodies acting against receptor-binding toxin subunits and nucleic acid aptamers as allosteric inhibitors of metlloproteolytic toxin components as the most promising candidates for development of efficient antitoxin therapyΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ·Π²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ·Π²Ρ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² β ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π·
ΠΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ
Aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides which are selected via targeted chemical evolution in vitro to bind a molecular target of interest. The aptamer selection technology is designated as SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment). SELEX enables isolation of oligonucleotide aptamers binding a wide range of targets of interest with little respect for their nature and molecular weight. A number of applications of aptamer selection were developed ranging from biosensor technologies to antitumor drug discovery. First aptamer-based pharmaceutical (Macugen) was approved by FDA for clinical use in 2004, and since then more than ten aptamer-based drugs undergo various phases of clinical trials. From the medicinal chemistβs point of view, aptamers represent a new class of molecules suitable for the development of new therapeutics. Due to the stability, relative synthesis simplicity, and development of advanced strategies of target specific molecular selection, aptamers attract increased attention of drug discovery community. Difficulties of the development of next-generation antibiotics basing on the conventional basis of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening have also amplified the interest to aptamer-based therapeutic candidates. The present article reviews the investigations focused on the development of antibacterial aptamers and discusses the potential and current limitations of the use of this type of therapeutic molecules.ΠΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Β«ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅Β» Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ SELEX ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ SELEX ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ- ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² β ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ», Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ», ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π», ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»
How Much Can You Win When Your Adversary is Handicapped?
We consider infinite games where a gambler plays a coin-tossing game against an adversary. The gambler puts stakes on heads or tails, and the adversary tosses a fair coin, but has to choose his outcome according to a previously given law known to the gambler. In other words, the adversary is not allowed to play all infinite heads-tails-sequences, but only a certain subset F of them. We present an algorithm for the player which, depending on the structure of the set F , guarantees an optimal exponent of increase of the player's capital, independently on which one of the allowed heads-tails-sequences the adversary chooses. Using the known upper bound on the exponent provided by the maximum Kolmogorov complexity of sequences in F we show the optimality of our result