Nutrient Cycling in Forage Production Systems

In most forage production systems, the nutrients needed for plant growth are provided by microbially mediated breakdown and release of plant-available mineral nutrients from dead plant tissues, livestock excreta, soil organic matter, and geochemically bound mineral forms. Even in fertilized forage systems, determining appropriate fertilizer application rates requires a systems approach on the part of the manager (e.g., Di and Cameron, 2000; Rotz et al., 2002). Fertilizer additions are simply one input in the system of inputs, outputs, pools, and fluxes that characterize nutrient cycling in a particular ecosystem

Nitrogen and tillage management for corn following alfalfa

Rotating alfalfa with corn can increase corn yield potential through improved soil physical properties that enhance water infiltration and root extension, a reduction in disease and pest pressure (i.e., corn rootworm), and an enhanced soil microbial community

Soil moisture and temperature relationships under fallow in eastern Oregon

Time of stand establishment is a critical factor affecting yields of winter wheat and barley in the fallow-crop rotation areas of the Pacific Northwest. Farmers in this winter-rainfall region are dependent on residual moisture in the seed zone for germination, because significant precipitation does not usually occur until after the optimum planting dates. Moisture is maintained near the soil surface through the summer of the fallow period by the use of a soil or stubble mulch. The rate of moisture loss is relatively low during the summer, but seems to accelerate in late August and September. This loss dries the seed zone and forces either deeper planting to reach adequate moisture or delayed seeding until precipitation re-wets the seed zone. Both practices can result in late, less vigorous stands which have lower yield potential and provide less protection from erosion. The objectives of this study were to: 1) quantify changes in seed zone water content prior to seeding; 2) determine the cause of the accelerated loss; 3) substantiate the effect of planting date on the yield of one variety of winter wheat and one variety of winter barley; 4) investigate the effect of soil temperature on the rate of first and 70% emergence of these species in the field; and 5) develop a means of predicting the average last date of planting after which stand establishment is excessively delayed at one location in eastern Oregon. Although both years were abnormally wet in late summer and fall, significant losses of seed zone water content occurred in 1976. At 6 cm, the loss period occurred in early September; at 9, 12, 15, and 18 cm, the losses occurred in late September. The measured losses were not as great as expected. No significant losses were observed in 1977 because of frequent precipitation. My hypothesis was that increasing nighttime vapor pressure gradients from the moist seed zone to the soil surface develop because of the combination of warm days and cool, clear nights characteristic of late August and September in this area. Larger vapor pressure gradients would cause increased water losses from the profile. However, no correlation was found with calculated vapor pressure gradients, the occurrence of low surface temperatures at night, or average temperature gradients in the upper soil profile. Computer simulation of isothermal liquid flow was used to discern the relative contributions of evaporative losses and of long-term redistribution of water In response to gravitational and potential gradients in the profile. Redistribution accounted for 60% of the water loss in the soil beneath the seed zone from mid-July to early August, and accounted for none of the loss from early August to early September. Planting date had a significant effect on yield of both wheat and barley; the optimum planting dates were late September to early October. On each planting date, the seeds were placed in moist soil and covered with approximately 5 cm of soil with a deep furrow drill, so temperature was the primary factor affecting rate of first and 70% emergence. Regression equations of rate of emergence on average 10-cm soil temperature from planting to emergence were highly significant. The degree days needed for first and 70% emergence for wheat were 149 and 210 using a base temperature of 0.7 and 0.4 C, respectively, and for barley were 92 and 159 using base temperatures of 6.1 and 3.5 C, respectively. Soil temperatures from 1963 to 1977 were used to develop a means of predicting average daily 10-cm soil temperature. Using this long-term average and the regression equations of rate of emergence and stand establishment versus temperature, the average last date to plant and still obtain 70% stand in 14 days was 25 September. If seeding is delayed until 15 October, lower soil temperatures will cause the average days to 70% stand of wheat to approach 22-24 days, while barley will require 24 - 2 9 days to reach 70% stand at these temperatures

Managing the Rotation from Alfalfa to Corn

This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. Current information available from the University of Minnesota Extension: https://www.extension.umn.edu.This bulletin describes management practices for alfalfa termination and the two subsequent corn crops that will help utilize the benefits of alfalfa.This publication was funded by the Minnesota Agricultural Fertilizer Research and Education Council. The research summarized in this publication was supported by the Minnesota Agricultural Fertilizer Research and Education Council, the Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council, the North Central Region-Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, the Minnesota Agricultural Water Resource Center, the Hueg-Harrison fellowship, the University of Minnesota, and the USDA-Agricultural Research Service

Nutrient Cycling in Forage Production Systems

In most forage production systems, the nutrients needed for plant growth are provided by microbially mediated breakdown and release of plant-available mineral nutrients from dead plant tissues, livestock excreta, soil organic matter, and geochemically bound mineral forms. Even in fertilized forage systems, determining appropriate fertilizer application rates requires a systems approach on the part of the manager (e.g., Di and Cameron, 2000; Rotz et al., 2002). Fertilizer additions are simply one input in the system of inputs, outputs, pools, and fluxes that characterize nutrient cycling in a particular ecosystem

Glycomic, Glycoproteomic, and Proteomic Profiling of Philippine Lung Cancer and Peritumoral Tissues: Case Series Study of Patients Stages I-III.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounting for majority of lung cancers. Thus, it is important to find potential biomarkers, such as glycans and glycoproteins, which can be used as diagnostic tools against NSCLC. Here, the N-glycome, proteome, and N-glycosylation distribution maps of tumor and peritumoral tissues of Filipino lung cancer patients (n = 5) were characterized. We present several case studies with varying stages of cancer development (I−III), mutation status (EGFR, ALK), and biomarker expression based on a three-gene panel (CD133, KRT19, and MUC1). Although the profiles of each patient were unique, specific trends arose that correlated with the role of aberrant glycosylation in cancer progression. Specifically, we observed a general increase in the relative abundance of high-mannose and sialofucosylated N-glycans in tumor samples. Analysis of the glycan distribution per glycosite revealed that these sialofucosylated N-glycans were specifically attached to glycoproteins involved in key cellular processes, including metabolism, cell adhesion, and regulatory pathways. Protein expression profiles showed significant enrichment of dysregulated proteins involved in metabolism, adhesion, cell−ECM interactions, and N-linked glycosylation, supporting the protein glycosylation results. The present case series study provides the first demonstration of a multi-platform mass-spectrometric analysis specifically for Filipino lung cancer patients

THE FATE AND INFLUENCE OF BANDED FERTILIZER NITROGEN IN IRRIGATED MAIZE

Maize (Zea mays L.) was planted at three biweekly intervals in spring, 1978-81, on a productive, silty clay loam Typic Argiudoll in eastern Nebraska. (\u2715)N-depleted (NH(,4))(,2)SO(,4) was banded at 90 and 180 kg N ha(\u27-1) midway between maize rows at planting, or at the 4-, 8-, or 16-leaf growth stage in 1978-80. No N was applied in 1981 to allow study of residual treatment effects. Dry matter production, total N content, and fertilizer-derived N (FN) content of above-ground plants were determined at five growth stages in 1979-80 and at harvest every year. Surface soil samples were taken during maize growth and deep samples were procured after harvest, 1979-80. Soils were analyzed for mineral N and FN. High N supply moderated N management effects on maize growth, yield and N fertilizer use efficiency. Accumulated dry matter was usually greater for late- than early-planted maize during vegetative growth, but average relative growth rate was faster for the early planting after silking. Delayed planting reduced FN recovery at both N rates. Application of 180 kg N ha(\u27-1) at the 4-leaf stage decreased crop growth and final yield in 1980. Application of N at the 16-leaf stage increased rates of grain growth and N accumulation, resulting in greatest grain yield and FN recovery, especially with early planting. Grain yield was reduced by early N deprivation only when active N uptake ceased during early grain fill. Substantial amounts of residual FN accumulated in above-ground tissue the second year of treatment, especially with the higher N rate. Measurable amounts of NH(,4)(\u27+)-N derived from fertilizer were detected in soil 6 weeks after application. The amount of NH(,4)(\u27+)-N available to the crop during growth, in relation to the size of the developing root system and the availability of other N to the crop, may have been an important determinant of crop response. Early planting and application of a modest N rate very late in vegetative growth produced high grain yields and maximum recovery of FN in grain. Little mineral FN accumulated in the soil with this treatment, thereby reducing potential environmental problems

Nitrogen and tillage management for corn following alfalfa

Rotating alfalfa with corn can increase corn yield potential through improved soil physical properties that enhance water infiltration and root extension, a reduction in disease and pest pressure (i.e., corn rootworm), and an enhanced soil microbial community.</p