<i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> soil seed bank dynamics over a 12-month period (September 2012 to September 2013).

<p><i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> soil seed bank dynamics over a 12-month period (September 2012 to September 2013).</p

Specific leaf area (SLA) at different metameres stem of <i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i>.

<p>Symbols “a”, “b”, “c” designate the same groups segregated by Duncan's new multiple range test with a significance level at 0.05.</p

Photosynthetic pigment content and their ratio in <i>H</i>. <i>sosnowskyi</i> leaves of different layers (flowering stage, June 2013).

<p>“Chl”: chlorophyll, “Car”: carotenoids. LHC-Chl–Chlorophyll portion in Light-harvesting complexes. Symbols “a”, “b” designate the same groups in table columns segregated by Duncan's new multiple range test with a significance level at 0.05. The mean and standard error of mean of samples is shown.</p

Net photosynthesis (a), transpiration rate (b) and water use efficiency (c) as a function of light in <i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> leaves.

<p>1—seedlings, 2—juvenile plants, 3—vegetative adult plants, 4—generative plants.</p

Parameters of the Light Curve of Net Photosynthesis in <i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> Leaves.

<p>QY: photosynthetic quantum yield (calculated as the tangent of the slope ratio of the light curve at low light intensities: 0–100 μM photons m^-2c^-1), LCP: Light Compensation Point is the light intensity at which the total CO₂-exchange is equal to zero, P_MAX: maximum photosynthesis rate, P_max*—maximum photosynthesis rate calculated by SLA, IRA: intensity of radiation adaptation, P_IRA: photosynthesis rate at IRA. For the QY P-value < 0.0001. The mean and standard error of mean of samples is shown.</p

(a) Leaf area index and (b) height of <i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> leaf layers.

<p>Plant groups and plant parts: s–seedlings (N = 10); j—juvenile plants (N = 14), v—vegetative adult plants (N = 15); m3–m6 are generative plant metameres (N = 38): m3—leaves of first three metameres, and m4, m5, and m6—leaves of 4^th, 5^th, and 6^th metameres, respectively.</p

Light irradiation regime in a <i>H</i>. <i>sosnowskyi</i> monostand (July, 2012).

<p>VS: light of the visible spectrum, PAR: photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm waveband); UV: ultraviolet radiation; symbols “a”, “b”, “c” designate the same groups in table columns segregated by Duncan's new multiple range test with a significance level at 0.05.</p

Dormant generative buds of adult vegetative <i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> plants.

<p>1- terminal bud, 2- lateral bud.</p

Generative <i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> plant underground portion.

<p>The caudex with roots and leaves (1- buds formed in zone II, 2- buds formed in zone I of shoot).</p

The Parameters of the Modified Michaelis-Menten model.

<p>For the data presented P-value < 0.05.</p><p>For all data presented, P < 0.05. The mean and standard error of mean of samples is shown.</p