Friction and Wear of Radiation Resistant Composites, Coatings and Ceramics in Vacuum and Low Temperature Environment

ABSTRACT Superconducting magnets used in accelerators such as the Superconducting Super Collider @SC) are exposed to fast neutron and gamma irradiation. Some of the components used in the SSC cryostat are fabricated from organic materials with low radiation resistance. The slide bearing material presently supporting the magnet assembly contains Teflon and must be replaced with a material of improved radiation resistance. A group of sliding materials, most of which have suitable radiation resistance, were tested under conditions of pressure, temperature, velocity, and vacuum typically encountered in normal cryostat operation. As this was a preliminary screening test, the samples were only cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature. The group of materials tested consists of composites, coated base metals, and ceramics. The criteria was to maintain a low coefficient of friction throughout the experiment in spite of changes in temperature and vacuum. Subsequent tests will expose finalist materials to fast neutron irradiation at liquid helium temperatures. This paper describes the experimental setup and presents data of the friction coefficient measurements taken for the various samples

‘We need to share our stories’: the lives of Pakistanis with intellectual disability and their guardians

© 2020 MENCAP and International Association of the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and John Wiley & Sons Ltd Introduction: The experiences of Pakistanis with intellectual disabilities (IDs) and their family members have been underexplored empirically. Method: The present study sought to address this gap by understanding the lives of five Special Olympics Pakistan athletes and their guardians through PhotoVoice. Findings: Through thematic analysis, we present the primary theme concerning Pakistan\u27s cultural context that provides an empirical exploration of cultural beliefs about intellectual disability, cultural expectations and support received by people with intellectual disabilities and their guardians. Discussion: We discuss implications for research and practice

A blanket design, apparatus, and fabrication techniques for the mass production of multilayer insulation blankets for the Superconducting Super Collider

The multilayer insulation (MLI) system for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) consists of full cryostat length assemblies of aluminized polyester film fabricated in the form of blankets and installed as blankets to the 4.5K cold mass and the 20K and 80K thermal radiation shields. Approximately 40,000 MLI blankets will be required in the 10,000 cryogenic devices comprising the SSC accelerator. Each blanket is nearly 17 meters long and 1.8 meters wide. This paper reports the blanket design, an apparatus, and the fabrication method used to mass produce pre-fabricated MLI blankets. Incorporated in the blanket design are techniques which automate quality control during installation of the MLI blankets in the SSC cryostat. The apparatus and blanket fabrication method insure consistency in the mass produced blankets by providing positive control of the dimensional parameters which contribute to the thermal performance of the MLI blanket. By virtue of the fabrication process, the MLI blankets have inherent features of dimensional stability three-dimensional uniformity, controlled layer density, layer-to-layer registration, interlayer cleanliness, and interlayer material to accommodate thermal contraction differences. 11 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab

Dark Matter Search Results from the PICO-2L C3F8 Bubble Chamber

New data are reported from the operation of a 2 liter C3F8 bubble chamber in the SNOLAB underground laboratory, with a total exposure of 211.5 kg days at four different energy thresholds below 10 keV. These data show that C3F8 provides excellent electron-recoil and alpha rejection capabilities at very low thresholds. The chamber exhibits an electron-recoil sensitivity of 98.2%. These data also include the first observation of a dependence of acoustic signal on alpha energy. Twelve single nuclear recoil event candidates were observed during the run. The candidate events exhibit timing characteristics that are not consistent with the hypothesis of a uniform time distribution, and no evidence for a dark matter signal is claimed. These data provide the most sensitive direct detection constraints on WIMP-proton spin-dependent scattering to date, with significant sensitivity at low WIMP masses for spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering.The PICO Collaboration would like to thank SNOLAB and its staff for providing an exceptional underground laboratory space and invaluable technical support. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under award DE-SC-0012161. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359. Part of the research described in this paper was conducted under the Ultra Sensitive Nuclear Measurements Initiative at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy. We acknowledge the National Science Foundation for their support including Grants No. PHY-1242637, No. PHY-0919526, and No. PHY-1205987. We acknowledge the support of the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI). We also acknowledge support from the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago. We acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Consolider MultiDark CSD2009-00064 Grant. We acknowledge support from the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India, under the Center for AstroParticle Physics II project (CAPP-II) at Saha Insititute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Kolkata. We acknowledge the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, Grant No. LM2011027. We acknowledge technical assistance from Fermilab's Computing, Particle Physics, and Accelerator Divisions, and from A. Behnke at IUSB.Amole, C.; Ardid Ramírez, M.; Asner, DM.; Baxter, D.; Behnke, E.; Bhattacharjee, P.; Borsodi, H.... (2015). Dark Matter Search Results from the PICO-2L C3F8 Bubble Chamber. Physical Review Letters. 114(2313):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.231302S161142313Komatsu, E., Dunkley, J., Nolta, M. R., Bennett, C. L., Gold, B., Hinshaw, G., … Wright, E. L. (2009). FIVE-YEARWILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBEOBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 180(2), 330-376. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/330Jungman, G., Kamionkowski, M., & Griest, K. (1996). Supersymmetric dark matter. Physics Reports, 267(5-6), 195-373. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(95)00058-5Bertone, G., Hooper, D., & Silk, J. (2005). Particle dark matter: evidence, candidates and constraints. Physics Reports, 405(5-6), 279-390. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2004.08.031Feng, J. L. (2010). Dark Matter Candidates from Particle Physics and Methods of Detection. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 48(1), 495-545. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101659Goodman, M. W., & Witten, E. (1985). Detectability of certain dark-matter candidates. Physical Review D, 31(12), 3059-3063. doi:10.1103/physrevd.31.3059Behnke, E., Behnke, J., Brice, S. J., Broemmelsiek, D., Collar, J. I., … Conner, A. (2012). First dark matter search results from a 4-kgCF3Ibubble chamber operated in a deep underground site. Physical Review D, 86(5). doi:10.1103/physrevd.86.052001Behnke, E., Behnke, J., Brice, S. J., Broemmelsiek, D., Collar, J. I., … Cooper, P. S. (2011). Improved Limits on Spin-Dependent WIMP-Proton Interactions from a Two LiterCF3IBubble Chamber. Physical Review Letters, 106(2). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.021303Archambault, S., Behnke, E., Bhattacharjee, P., Bhattacharya, S., Dai, X., Das, M., … Zacek, V. (2012). Constraints on low-mass WIMP interactions on 19F from PICASSO. Physics Letters B, 711(2), 153-161. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.03.078Felizardo, M., Girard, T. A., Morlat, T., Fernandes, A. C., Ramos, A. R., Marques, J. G., … Marques, R. (2014). The SIMPLE Phase II dark matter search. Physical Review D, 89(7). doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.072013Glaser, D. A., & Rahm, D. C. (1955). Characteristics of Bubble Chambers. Physical Review, 97(2), 474-479. doi:10.1103/physrev.97.474Seitz, F. (1958). On the Theory of the Bubble Chamber. Physics of Fluids, 1(1), 2. doi:10.1063/1.1724333Behnke, E., Benjamin, T., Brice, S. J., Broemmelsiek, D., Collar, J. I., … Cooper, P. S. (2013). Direct measurement of the bubble-nucleation energy threshold in aCF3Ibubble chamber. Physical Review D, 88(2). doi:10.1103/physrevd.88.021101Agostinelli, S., Allison, J., Amako, K., Apostolakis, J., Araujo, H., Arce, P., … Barrand, G. (2003). Geant4—a simulation toolkit. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 506(3), 250-303. doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01368-8Allison, J., Amako, K., Apostolakis, J., Araujo, H., Arce Dubois, P., Asai, M., … Chytracek, R. (2006). Geant4 developments and applications. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 53(1), 270-278. doi:10.1109/tns.2006.869826Aubin, F., Auger, M., Genest, M.-H., Giroux, G., Gornea, R., Faust, R., … Storey, C. (2008). Discrimination of nuclear recoils from alpha particles with superheated liquids. New Journal of Physics, 10(10), 103017. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/10/10/103017Archambault, S., Aubin, F., Auger, M., Beleshi, M., Behnke, E., … Behnke, J. (2011). New insights into particle detection with superheated liquids. New Journal of Physics, 13(4), 043006. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/4/043006Pozzi, S. A., Padovani, E., & Marseguerra, M. (2003). MCNP-PoliMi: a Monte-Carlo code for correlation measurements. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 513(3), 550-558. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2003.06.012Robinson, A. E. (2014). New libraries for simulating neutron scattering in dark matter detector calibrations. Physical Review C, 89(3). doi:10.1103/physrevc.89.032801Yellin, S. (2002). Finding an upper limit in the presence of an unknown background. Physical Review D, 66(3). doi:10.1103/physrevd.66.032005Lewin, J. D., & Smith, P. F. (1996). Review of mathematics, numerical factors, and corrections for dark matter experiments based on elastic nuclear recoil. Astroparticle Physics, 6(1), 87-112. doi:10.1016/s0927-6505(96)00047-3Tovey, D. R., Gaitskell, R. J., Gondolo, P., Ramachers, Y., & Roszkowski, L. (2000). A new model-independent method for extracting spin-dependent cross section limits from dark matter searches. Physics Letters B, 488(1), 17-26. doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(00)00846-7Roszkowski, L., Austri, R. R. de, & Trotta, R. (2007). Implications for the Constrained MSSM from a new prediction forb→sγ. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2007(07), 075-075. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/07/075Aprile, E., Alfonsi, M., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Balan, C., Baudis, L., … Bokeloh, K. (2013). Limits on Spin-Dependent WIMP-Nucleon Cross Sections from 225 Live Days of XENON100 Data. Physical Review Letters, 111(2). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.021301Aartsen, M. G., Abbasi, R., Abdou, Y., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., … Bai, X. (2013). Search for Dark Matter Annihilations in the Sun with the 79-String IceCube Detector. Physical Review Letters, 110(13). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.131302Tanaka, T., Abe, K., Hayato, Y., Iida, T., Kameda, J., Koshio, Y., … Nakahata, M. (2011). AN INDIRECT SEARCH FOR WEAKLY INTERACTING MASSIVE PARTICLES IN THE SUN USING 3109.6 DAYS OF UPWARD-GOING MUONS IN SUPER-KAMIOKANDE. The Astrophysical Journal, 742(2), 78. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/742/2/78Chatrchyan, S., Khachatryan, V., Sirunyan, A. M., Tumasyan, A., Adam, W., Bergauer, T., … Friedl, M. (2012). Search for Dark Matter and Large Extra Dimensions inppCollisions Yielding a Photon and Missing Transverse Energy. Physical Review Letters, 108(26). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.261803First results on dark matter annihilation in the Sun using the ANTARES neutrino telescope. (2013). Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2013(11), 032-032. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2013/11/032Demidov, S., & Suvorova, O. (2010). Annihilation of NMSSM neutralinos in the Sun and neutrino telescope limits. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2010(06), 018-018. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2010/06/018Avrorin, A. D., Avrorin, A. V., Aynutdinov, V. M., Bannasch, R., Belolaptikov, I. A., Bogorodsky, D. Y., … Demidov, S. V. (2015). Search for neutrino emission from relic dark matter in the sun with the Baikal NT200 detector. Astroparticle Physics, 62, 12-20. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2014.07.006Akerib, D. S., Araújo, H. M., Bai, X., Bailey, A. J., Balajthy, J., Bedikian, S., … Bradley, A. (2014). First Results from the LUX Dark Matter Experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. Physical Review Letters, 112(9). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.112.091303Agnese, R., Anderson, A. J., Asai, M., Balakishiyeva, D., Basu Thakur, R., Bauer, D. A., … Bowles, M. A. (2014). Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles with SuperCDMS. Physical Review Letters, 112(24). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.112.241302Agnese, R., Anderson, A. J., Asai, M., Balakishiyeva, D., Basu Thakur, R., Bauer, D. A., … Brandt, D. (2014). Search for Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles Using Voltage-Assisted Calorimetric Ionization Detection in the SuperCDMS Experiment. Physical Review Letters, 112(4). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.112.041302Angle, J., Aprile, E., Arneodo, F., Baudis, L., Bernstein, A., … Bolozdynya, A. I. (2011). Search for Light Dark Matter in XENON10 Data. Physical Review Letters, 107(5). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.051301Aprile, E., Alfonsi, M., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Balan, C., Baudis, L., … Bokeloh, K. (2012). Dark Matter Results from 225 Live Days of XENON100 Data. Physical Review Letters, 109(18). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.181301Angloher, G., Bento, A., Bucci, C., Canonica, L., Erb, A., von Feilitzsch, F., … Zöller, A. (2014). Results on low mass WIMPs using an upgraded CRESST-II detector. The European Physical Journal C, 74(12). doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3184-9Bernabei, R., Belli, P., Cappella, F., Cerulli, R., Dai, C. J., d’ Angelo, A., … Ye, Z. P. (2008). First results from DAMA/LIBRA and the combined results with DAMA/NaI. The European Physical Journal C, 56(3), 333-355. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0662-yAalseth, C. E., Barbeau, P. S., Colaresi, J., Collar, J. I., Diaz Leon, J., … Fast, J. E. (2013). CoGeNT: A search for low-mass dark matter usingp-type point contact germanium detectors. Physical Review D, 88(1). doi:10.1103/physrevd.88.012002Agnese, R., Ahmed, Z., Anderson, A. J., Arrenberg, S., Balakishiyeva, D., Basu Thakur, R., … Brink, P. L. (2013). Silicon detector results from the first five-tower run of CDMS II. Physical Review D, 88(3). doi:10.1103/physrevd.88.03110

Improved dark matter search results from PICO-2L Run 2

New data are reported from a second run of the 2-liter PICO-2L C3F8 bubble chamber with a total exposure of 129 kg-days at a thermodynamic threshold energy of 3.3 keV. These data show that measures taken to control particulate contamination in the superheated fluid resulted in the absence of the anomalous background events observed in the first run of this bubble chamber. One single nuclear-recoil event was observed in the data, consistent both with the predicted background rate from neutrons and with the observed rate of unambiguous multiple-bubble neutron scattering events. The chamber exhibits the same excellent electron-recoil and alpha decay rejection as was previously reported. These data provide the most stringent direct detection constraints on weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-proton spin-dependent scattering to date for WIMP masses < 50 GeV/c(2).The PICO Collaboration thanks SNOLAB for their exceptional laboratory space and technical support. We also thank Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for their support. This work is supported by the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the National Science Foundation (NSF) under the Grants No. PHY-1242637, No. PHY-0919526, No. PHY-1205987, and No. PHY-1506377 and by the U.S. Department of Energy under Award No. DE-SC-0012161. We also acknowledge the support of Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India, under the Center of AstroParticle Physics II project (CAPP-II) at Saha Institute of Physics (SINP); the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Grant No. LM2011027); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Consolider MultiDark (Grant No. CSD2009-00064) and DGAPA-UNAM through grant PAPIIT No. IA100316.Amole, C.; Ardid Ramírez, M.; Arnquist, I.; Asner, DM.; Baxter, D.; Behnke, E.; Bhattacharjee, P.... (2016). Improved dark matter search results from PICO-2L Run 2. Physical Review D. 93(6):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.061101S1593

Dark matter search results from the PICO-60 CF3I bubble chamber

New data are reported from the operation of the PICO-60 dark matter detector, a bubble chamber filled with 36.8 kg of CF3I and located in the SNOLAB underground laboratory. PICO-60 is the largest bubble chamber to search for dark matter to date. With an analyzed exposure of 92.8 livedays, PICO-60 exhibits the same excellent background rejection observed in smaller bubble chambers. Alpha decays in PICO-60 exhibit frequency-dependent acoustic calorimetry, similar but not identical to that reported recently in a C3F8 bubble chamber. PICO-60 also observes a large population of unknown background events, exhibiting acoustic, spatial, and timing behaviors inconsistent with those expected from a dark matter signal. These behaviors allow for analysis cuts to remove all background events while retaining 48.2% of the exposure. Stringent limits on weakly interacting massive particles interacting via spin-dependent proton and spin-independent processes are set, and most interpretations of the DAMA/LIBRA modulation signal as dark matter interacting with iodine nuclei are ruled out.The PICO Collaboration would like to thank SNOLAB and its staff for providing an exceptional underground laboratory space and invaluable technical support. We acknowledge technical assistance from Fermilab's Computing, Particle Physics, and Accelerator Divisions and from A. Behnke at IUSB. We thank V. Gluscevic and S. McDermott for useful conversations and their assistance with the DMDD code package. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Award No. DE-SC-0012161. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359. Part of the research described in this paper was conducted under the Ultra Sensitive Nuclear Measurements Initiative at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy. We acknowledge the National Science Foundation for their support including Grants No. PHY-1242637, No. PHY-0919526, and No. PHY-1205987. We acknowledge the support of the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI). We thank the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago. We were also supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Consolider MultiDark CSD2009-00064 Grant. We thank the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India, under the project CAPP-II at SINP, Kolkata. We acknowledge the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, Grant No. LM2011027.Amole, C.; Ardid Ramírez, M.; Asner, DM.; Baxter, D.; Behnke, E.; Bhattacharjee, P.; Borsodi, H.... (2016). Dark matter search results from the PICO-60 CF3I bubble chamber. Physical Review D. 93(5):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.052014S114935Komatsu, E., Dunkley, J., Nolta, M. R., Bennett, C. L., Gold, B., Hinshaw, G., … Wright, E. L. (2009). FIVE-YEARWILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBEOBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 180(2), 330-376. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/330Jungman, G., Kamionkowski, M., & Griest, K. (1996). Supersymmetric dark matter. Physics Reports, 267(5-6), 195-373. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(95)00058-5Bertone, G., Hooper, D., & Silk, J. (2005). Particle dark matter: evidence, candidates and constraints. Physics Reports, 405(5-6), 279-390. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2004.08.031Feng, J. L. (2010). Dark Matter Candidates from Particle Physics and Methods of Detection. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 48(1), 495-545. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101659Goodman, M. W., & Witten, E. (1985). Detectability of certain dark-matter candidates. Physical Review D, 31(12), 3059-3063. doi:10.1103/physrevd.31.3059Bolte, W. J., Collar, J. I., Crisler, M., Hall, J., Holmgren, D., Nakazawa, D., … Vieira, J. D. (2007). Development of bubble chambers with enhanced stability and sensitivity to low-energy nuclear recoils. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 577(3), 569-573. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.149Behnke, E., Collar, J. I., Cooper, P. S., Crum, K., Crisler, M., Hu, M., … Tschirhart, R. (2008). Spin-Dependent WIMP Limits from a Bubble Chamber. Science, 319(5865), 933-936. doi:10.1126/science.1149999Behnke, E., Behnke, J., Brice, S. J., Broemmelsiek, D., Collar, J. I., … Cooper, P. S. (2011). Improved Limits on Spin-Dependent WIMP-Proton Interactions from a Two LiterCF3IBubble Chamber. Physical Review Letters, 106(2). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.021303Behnke, E., Behnke, J., Brice, S. J., Broemmelsiek, D., Collar, J. I., … Conner, A. (2012). First dark matter search results from a 4-kgCF3Ibubble chamber operated in a deep underground site. Physical Review D, 86(5). doi:10.1103/physrevd.86.052001Archambault, S., Aubin, F., Auger, M., Behnke, E., Beltran, B., Clark, K., … Zacek, V. (2009). Dark matter spin-dependent limits for WIMP interactions on 19F by PICASSO. Physics Letters B, 682(2), 185-192. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.11.019Archambault, S., Behnke, E., Bhattacharjee, P., Bhattacharya, S., Dai, X., Das, M., … Zacek, V. (2012). Constraints on low-mass WIMP interactions on 19F from PICASSO. Physics Letters B, 711(2), 153-161. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.03.078Felizardo, M., Girard, T. A., Morlat, T., Fernandes, A. C., Ramos, A. R., Marques, J. G., … Marques, R. (2014). The SIMPLE Phase II dark matter search. Physical Review D, 89(7). doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.072013Amole, C., Ardid, M., Asner, D. M., Baxter, D., Behnke, E., Bhattacharjee, P., … Broemmelsiek, D. (2015). Dark Matter Search Results from the PICO-2LC3F8Bubble Chamber. Physical Review Letters, 114(23). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.231302Duncan, F., Noble, A. J., & Sinclair, D. (2010). The Construction and Anticipated Science of SNOLAB. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, 60(1), 163-180. doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.012809.104513Glaser, D. A., & Rahm, D. C. (1955). Characteristics of Bubble Chambers. Physical Review, 97(2), 474-479. doi:10.1103/physrev.97.474Seitz, F. (1958). On the Theory of the Bubble Chamber. Physics of Fluids, 1(1), 2. doi:10.1063/1.1724333Collar, J. I. (2013). Applications of anY88/BePhotoneutron Calibration Source to Dark Matter and Neutrino Experiments. Physical Review Letters, 110(21). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.211101Behnke, E., Benjamin, T., Brice, S. J., Broemmelsiek, D., Collar, J. I., … Cooper, P. S. (2013). Direct measurement of the bubble-nucleation energy threshold in aCF3Ibubble chamber. Physical Review D, 88(2). doi:10.1103/physrevd.88.021101Archambault, S., Aubin, F., Auger, M., Beleshi, M., Behnke, E., … Behnke, J. (2011). New insights into particle detection with superheated liquids. New Journal of Physics, 13(4), 043006. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/4/043006Wilson, W. B., Perry, R. T., Charlton, W. S., Parish, T. A., & Shores, E. F. (2005). SOURCES: a code for calculating (α,n), spontaneous fission, and delayed neutron sources and spectra. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 115(1-4), 117-121. doi:10.1093/rpd/nci260Mei, D.-M., & Hime, A. (2006). Muon-induced background study for underground laboratories. Physical Review D, 73(5). doi:10.1103/physrevd.73.053004Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Andersen, T. C., Anthony, A. 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Institutional repositories and the humanities: A new collaborative model for scholarly publishing

Presentation by Laura Ruschman at the Symposium on Information and Technology in the Arts and Humanities (April 22 & 23, 2015). The Symposium was sponsored by the Special Interest Groups for the Arts and Humanities (SIG AH) and Visualization, Images, and Sound (SIG VIS) of the Association for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T). Traditionally, academic library systems have used institutional repositories to preserve, collect, and provide access to scholarly work produced by those comprising their respective university community. This places libraries near the end of the total information lifecycle, acting in the roles of secondary distributors and collectors. By better utilizing institutional repository software, academic libraries are able to go beyond these roles and instead act as a participant in the creation and distribution of scholarly work. Institutional repositories now have the ability to turn libraries into digital publishers. This is particularly important for humanities scholars, a group that is still largely dependent on the traditional publishing model for sharing scholarly information. By embracing institutional repositories and digital publishing, humanities scholars will be encouraged to reconsider what defines a scholarly work in the 21st century, which may then lead to new methods for creating and sharing scholarly information in a digital environment. Laura Ruschman is currently finishing her Master\u27s in Library and Information Science from Wayne State University, in Detroit, MI, with a specialization in Digital Content Management; she will be graduating in May 2015. While earning her MLIS, Laura interned with the Wayne State University Press and the Digital Publishing department of the Wayne State Library System, where she helped digitize and manage scholarly journals in Wayne State\u27s institutional repository (Digital Commons), and thereafter became intensely interested in the intersection between academic libraries, digital content, and scholarly publishing. Laura holds bachelor degrees in English Literature and Journalism from Miami University, and a Certificate in Publishing from New York University, and recently accepted a position as a Content Digitization Project Manager at Cengage Learning. All of the Symposium recordings can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2v-vQy9W5DePg7QSKABGmuVzCXpVkeTh Slides can be downloaded from: http://figshare.com/authors/Symposium_on_Information_and_technolology_in_the_arts_and_humanities/740215https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sjsuasist/1048/thumbnail.jp

Design and calibration of a test facility for MLI thermal performance measurements below 80K

The design geometry of the SSC dipole cryostat includes active thermal radiation shields operating at 80K and 20K respectively. Extensive measurements conducted in a Heat Leak Test Facility (HLTF) have been used to evaluate the thermal performance of candidate multilayer insulation (MLI) systems for the 80K thermal shield, with the present system design based upon those measurement results. With the 80K MLI geometry established, efforts have focused on measuring the performance of MLI systems near 20K. A redesign of the HLTF has produced a measurement facility capable of conducting measurements with the warm boundary fixed at 80K and the cold boundary variable from 10K to 50K. Removing the 80K shield permits measurements with a warm boundary at 300K. The 80K boundary consists of a copper shield thermally anchored to a liquid nitrogen reservoir. The cold boundary consists of a copper anchor plate whose temperature is varied through boil-off gas from a 500 liter helium supply dewar. A transfer line heat exchanger supplies the boil-off gas to the anchor plate at a constant and controlled rate. The gas, which serves as cooling gas, is routed through a copper cooling tube soldered into the anchor plate. Varying the cooling gas flow rate varies the amount of refrigeration supplied to the anchor plate, thereby determining the plate temperature. A resistance heater installed on the anchor plate is regulated by a cryogenic temperature controller to provide final temperature control. Heat leak values are measured using a heatmeter which senses heat flow as a temperature gradient across a fixed thermal impedance. Since the thermal conductivity of the thermal impedance changes with temperature, the heatmeter is calibrated at key cold boundary temperatures. Thus, the system is capable of obtaining measurement data under a variety of system conditions. 7 refs

Design and calibration of a test facility for MLI thermal performance measurements below 80K. [Multilayer insulation (MLI)]

The design geometry of the SSC dipole cryostat includes active thermal radiation shields operating at 80K and 20K respectively. Extensive measurements conducted in a Heat Leak Test Facility (HLTF) have been used to evaluate the thermal performance of candidate multilayer insulation (MLI) systems for the 80K thermal shield, with the present system design based upon those measurement results. With the 80K MLI geometry established, efforts have focused on measuring the performance of MLI systems near 20K. A redesign of the HLTF has produced a measurement facility capable of conducting measurements with the warm boundary fixed at 80K and the cold boundary variable from 10K to 50K. Removing the 80K shield permits measurements with a warm boundary at 300K. The 80K boundary consists of a copper shield thermally anchored to a liquid nitrogen reservoir. The cold boundary consists of a copper anchor plate whose temperature is varied through boil-off gas from a 500 liter helium supply dewar. A transfer line heat exchanger supplies the boil-off gas to the anchor plate at a constant and controlled rate. The gas, which serves as cooling gas, is routed through a copper cooling tube soldered into the anchor plate. Varying the cooling gas flow rate varies the amount of refrigeration supplied to the anchor plate, thereby determining the plate temperature. A resistance heater installed on the anchor plate is regulated by a cryogenic temperature controller to provide final temperature control. Heat leak values are measured using a heatmeter which senses heat flow as a temperature gradient across a fixed thermal impedance. Since the thermal conductivity of the thermal impedance changes with temperature, the heatmeter is calibrated at key cold boundary temperatures. Thus, the system is capable of obtaining measurement data under a variety of system conditions. 7 refs

Thermal and Structural Performance of a Single Tube Support Post for the Superconducting Super Collider Dipole Magnet Cryostat

The reentrant support post currently incorporated in the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) dipole cryostat has been shown to meet the structural and thermal requirements of the cryostat, both in prototype magnet assemblies and through component testing. However, the reentrant post design has two major drawbacks: tight dimensional control on all components, and cost driven by these tolerance constraints and a complex assembly procedure. A single tube support post has been developed as an alternative to the reentrant post design. Several prototype assemblies have been fabricated and subjected to structural testing. Compressive, tensile, and bending forces were applied to each assembly with deflection measured at several locations. A prototype support post has also been thermally evaluated in a heat leak measurement facility. Heat load to 4.2 K was measured with the intermediate post intercept operating at various temperatures while thermometers positioned along the conductive path of the post mapped thermal gradients. Results from these measurements indicate the single tube support post meets the design criteria for the SSC dipole magnet cryostat support system