5 research outputs found

    Interrelationship models in energy markets

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    This thesis aims to make two types of academic contributions. It includes both methodological insights about the application of quantitative methods to the study of network industries and theoretical results concerning the economics of energy markets. The theoretical literature on interconnectors has established their potential to mitigate local market power, but the relationship between capacity utilisation and locational market splitting has not been studied empirically. Thus, in the first essay of the thesis I apply Vector Autorregressive (VAR) modelling techniques to data from the Bacton (UK)-Zeebrugge (Belgium) natural gas pipeline. The analysis identifies a threshold of capacity utilisation after which the UK and Continental markets split. The relationship between local price differences and capacity use is increasing and convex. A difference between the UK and Continental markets is that while there are extensive crossholdings in the Continent, UK firms remain in general independent from each other. This raises the issue of how crossholdings affect the firms' ability to coordinate in higher prices. Hence, the second essay presents a set of simulations in which computational agents try to optimise their profit using parameters adapted from the Roth and Erev (1995) reinforcement algorithm. The auction setting is a double-sided stylisation of the European energy markets. The results indicate that market transparency leads to higher prices, that the functional form of the crossholdings to prices relationship is not linear but concave and that more downstream competition reduces the influence of information on wholesale prices. The model in the third essay is complementary to the crossholdings research and incorporates key aspects of the interlinked operations of gas and electricity wholesale markets in the short-run. These sequential multiple-unit auctions present many non-Pareto ranked equilibria and we propose another Roth and Erev (1995) simulation as an alternative. The simulations unveil a new market power mechanism that explains why vertical market power can be observed in the energy industry

    Incentives and coordination in vertically related energy markets

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    "Es wird ein Agenten-basiertes Modell eines Energiemarktes mit mehreren Ebenen der Wertschöpfungskette vorgestellt, das Gaslieferanten, Stromerzeuger und Händler berücksichtigt. Es kann gezeigt werden, wie ein vertikal integriertes Unternehmen, das auf oligopolistischen Energiemärkten agiert, die Honorierungsbeziehungen zwischen strategischen Geschäftsbereichen nutzen kann, um seine Gewinne zu steigern. Üblicherweise versuchen Firmen, die die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette integriert haben, ihren Vorteil dadurch zu nutzen, dass sie die Kosten der Wettbewerber durch Preisdiskriminierung erhöhen und den Markt gegen sie abschotten. Das ist in Energiemärkten nicht möglich. Im vorgestellten Modell wird ein Mechanismus gewählt, der den Charakteristika von Energiemärkten angepasst ist, um über Anreize denselben Endeffekt zu erzielen. Dieser beruht aber nicht auf der Marktabschottung, sondern auf einem finanziellen Valorisierungseffekt, bei dem Unternehmensbereiche am Beginn der Wertschöpfungskette die Preisspannen für die Unternehmensteile am oberen Ende vorgeben." (Autorenreferat)"We present an agent-based model of a multi-tier energy market including gas shippers, electricity generators and retailers. We show how reward interdependence between strategic business units within a vertically integrated firm can increase its profits in oligopolistic energy markets. The effects are shown to be distinct from those of the raising rivals' costs model. In our case, higher prices relate to the nature of energy markets, which facilitate the emergence of financial netback effects." (author's abstract

    Incentives and coordination in vertically related energy markets

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    "Es wird ein Agenten-basiertes Modell eines Energiemarktes mit mehreren Ebenen der Wertschöpfungskette vorgestellt, das Gaslieferanten, Stromerzeuger und Händler berücksichtigt. Es kann gezeigt werden, wie ein vertikal integriertes Unternehmen, das auf oligopolistischen Energiemärkten agiert, die Honorierungsbeziehungen zwischen strategischen Geschäftsbereichen nutzen kann, um seine Gewinne zu steigern. Üblicherweise versuchen Firmen, die die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette integriert haben, ihren Vorteil dadurch zu nutzen, dass sie die Kosten der Wettbewerber durch Preisdiskriminierung erhöhen und den Markt gegen sie abschotten. Das ist in Energiemärkten nicht möglich. Im vorgestellten Modell wird ein Mechanismus gewählt, der den Charakteristika von Energiemärkten angepasst ist, um über Anreize denselben Endeffekt zu erzielen. Dieser beruht aber nicht auf der Marktabschottung, sondern auf einem finanziellen Valorisierungseffekt, bei dem Unternehmensbereiche am Beginn der Wertschöpfungskette die Preisspannen für die Unternehmensteile am oberen Ende vorgeben." (Autorenreferat)"We present an agent-based model of a multi-tier energy market including gas shippers, electricity generators and retailers. We show how reward interdependence between strategic business units within a vertically integrated firm can increase its profits in oligopolistic energy markets. The effects are shown to be distinct from those of the raising rivals' costs model. In our case, higher prices relate to the nature of energy markets, which facilitate the emergence of financial netback effects." (author's abstract

    Causal modeling and inference for electricity markets

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    How does dynamic price information flow among Northern European electricity spot prices and prices of major electricity generation fuel sources? We use time series models combined with new advances in causal inference to answer these questions. Applying our methods to weekly Nordic and German electricity prices, and oil, gas and coal prices, with German wind power and Nordic water reservoir levels as exogenous variables, we estimate a causal model for the price dynamics, both for contemporaneous and lagged relationships. In contemporaneous time, Nordic and German electricity prices are interlinked through gas prices. In the long run, electricity prices and British gas prices adjust themselves to establish the equlibrium price level, since oil, coal, continental gas and EUR/USD are found to be weakly exogenous

    Crossholdings, concentration and information in capacity-constrained sealed bid-offer auctions

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    We present a sequence of simulations to analyse the collusive effects of transparency and different degrees of producer crossholding in energy markets. The results suggest that (a) the functional form of the crossholdings/market prices relationship is not linear and better defined by threshold specifications, (b) public information leads to higher market prices, and (c) more downstream competition reduces the influence of information on upstream coordination and improves it downstream. These results are checked for consistency and rationalised through the social mimicry features of the algorithm.
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