Quand un roi désire la retraite: L’abdication dans le théâtre français du XVIIe siècle

International audienceIn an absolutist France where any act of abdication is impossible from a legal point of view, the theme of the king’s retirement has an uncertain if not negative value that playwrights do not hesitate to evoke. For referential and poetic reasons, abdication is presented in an unfavorable light: it is associated with a crisis of legitimacy, and if the conquest of this desire for rest reflects royal greatness, its realization is always accompanied by impurity.Dans une France absolutiste où tout acte d’abdication est impossible d’un point de vue juridique, le thème de la retraite du roi est lié à une valeur incertaine sinon négative que les dramaturges n’hésitent pas à mobiliser. Pour des raisons référentielles et poétiques, l’abdication est représentée sous un jour défavorable : elle est associée à une légitimité en crise, et si le triomphe sur ce désir de repos traduit la grandeur royale, sa réalisation est toujours accompagnée d’une impureté

The Visible Legitimacy. Usurpation of Power in Seventeenth Century French Theater (1636-1696)

Ce présent travail étudie la mobilisation des concepts relatifs à la légitimité et à l’usurpation dans le théâtre français classique, et a pour corpus toutes les pièces (tragédies, tragi-comédies et comédies héroïques) représentant des perturbations étatiques liées à l’usurpation entre 1630 et la fin du XVIIe siècle. Si la mise en scène de bouleversements politiques extraordinaires confère une certaine grandeur à l’œuvre dramatique, elle implique un aspect référentiel qui, surtout dans une France où l’absolutisme s’établit et s’affirme, pourrait conduire à une difficulté. Or, c’est précisément cette problématique qui assure l’efficacité propre du thème de l’usurpation. La référence idéologique et morale est elle-même mobilisable sur un plan dramaturgique et peut constituer un élément structurant de l’effet dramatique, assurer l’engrenage de l’action, et répondre à une vision poétique. En même temps, à travers ces procédés dramaturgiques, les pièces construisent leur sens qui, tout en faisant écho à l’absolutisme monarchique, peut parfois présenter un écart par rapport aux réflexions politiques contemporaines. Cette étude s’articule autour de trois concepts – le droit de régner, le devoir de régner et la volonté de régner. L’analyse de la manière concrète de leur mise en place mène à une réflexion sur l’évolution du traitement du thème durant le siècle et sur le rapport complexe entre idéologie et dramaturgie.This piece of work studies the mobilization of concepts relating to legitimacy and usurpation in classical French theater. The corpus includes all plays (tragedies, tragi-comedies and heroic comedies) representing state-level disruptions linked to usurpation from 1630 to the end of the seventeenth century. If the representation of extraordinary political disorders makes the subject of a play more elevated, it also implies a referential dimension that could give rise to a complication, especially in a France where absolutism was taking shape. Yet it is precisely this problem that warrants the value of the theme of usurpation. Once dramaturgically mobilized, the ideological and moral reference constitutes a structural element that creates the dramatic effect, which ensures the circle of the action and echoes a poetic vision. At the same time, through these dramaturgical features, the plays construct their meaning, which besides reflecting absolutist ideology can sometimes deviate from contemporary political thought. This study hinges on three concepts – the right to rule, the duty to rule and the will to rule. The analysis of the concrete means of their implementation is followed by a reflection on the evolution of the treatment of the theme throughout the century as well as on the complex relationship between ideology and dramaturgy

Integrative Analysis of Pyroptosis-Related Prognostic Signature and Immunological Infiltration in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background. Lung cancer is one of leading causes of human health threatening with approximately 2.09 million initially diagnosed cases and 1.76 million deaths worldwide annually. Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death mediated by Gasdermin family proteins. Pyroptosis could suppress the tumor oncogenesis and progression; nevertheless, pyroptosis could promote tumor growth by forming a suitable microenvironment. Methods. LASSO Cox regression analysis was performed to construct prognostic pyroptosis-related gene (PRG) signature. A ceRNA was constructed to explore the potential lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axis in LUSC. Results. The expression of 26 PRGs were increased or decreased in LUSC. We also summarized simple nucleotide variation and copy number variation landscape of PRGs in LUSC. Prognosis analysis suggested a poor overall survival rate in LUSC patients with high expression of IL6, IL1B, ELANE, and CASP6. A pyroptosis-related prognostic signature was developed based on four prognostic PRGs. High-risk score LUSC patients had a poor overall survival rate versus low-risk score patients with an AUC of 0.565, 0.641, and 0.619 in 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year ROC curves, respectively. Moreover, the risk score was correlated with immune infiltration in LUSC. Further analysis revealed that pyroptosis-related prognostic signature was correlated with immune cell infiltration, tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, and drug sensitivity. We also constructed a ceRNA network and identified a lncRNA KCNQ1OT1/miR-328-3p/IL1B regulatory axis for LUSC. Conclusion. A bioinformatics method was performed to develop a pyroptosis-related prognostic signature containing four genes (IL6, IL1B, ELANE, and CASP4) in LUSC. We also constructed a ceRNA network and identified a lncRNA KCNQ1OT1/miR-328-3p/IL1B regulatory axis for LUSC. Further in vivo and in vitro studies should be conducted to verify these results.</jats:p

Advanced Oxidative Protein Products Cause Pain Hypersensitivity in Rats by Inducing Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Apoptosis via NADPH Oxidase 4/c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Pathways

Pain hypersensitivity is the most common category of chronic pain and is difficult to cure. Oxidative stress and certain cells apoptosis, such as dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, play an essential role in the induction and development of pain hypersensitivity. The focus of this study is at a more specific molecular level. We investigated the role of advanced oxidative protein products (AOPPs) in inducing hypersensitivity and the cellular mechanism underlying the proapoptotic effect of AOPPs. Normal rats were injected by AOPPs-Rat serum albumin (AOPPs–RSA) to cause pain hypersensitivity. Primary cultured DRG neurons were treated with increasing concentrations of AOPPs–RSA or for increasing time durations. The MTT, flow cytometry and western blot analyses were performed in the DRG neurons. A loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed. We found that AOPPs triggered DRG neurons apoptosis and MMP loss. After AOPPs treatment, intracellular ROS generation increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a specific ROS scavenger could inhibit the ROS generation. Proapoptotic proteins, such as Bax, caspase 9/caspase 3, and PARP-1 were activated, whereas anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was down-regulated. AOPPs also increased Nox4 and JNK expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that AOPPs cause pain hypersensitivity in rats, and extracellular AOPPs accumulation triggered Nox4-dependent ROS production, which activated JNK, and induced DRG neurons apoptosis by activating caspase 3 and PARP-1