A review on the potential effects of combination treatments of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory drugs towards male reproductive physiology in pneumonic bucks

Pneumonia is the inflammation of lung parenchyma due to various organisms resulting in numerous manifestations and sequelae. The environment in the tropical regions provides optimal conditions for infection to occur in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis caused by Mannheimia haemolytica is the most frequent isolated bacteria causing pneumonia in small ruminants. The bacteria may cause an acute infection which can lead to death without proper diagnosis and treatment. To date, there are still scarce study on the effect of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory treatments on reproductive physiology that warrants investigation. Hence, this review paper aims to focus on the possible effect of a combined usage of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory treatments toward male reproductive physiology

Investigation of vertical mandibular distraction osteogenesis on the masticatory muscles in a ’unilateral hemifacial microsomia like’ defect in the sheep model.

Distraction osteogenesis is a recently developed option for surgical correction of the craniofacial discrepancy but there are few studies that look at the long-term effect of the relapse phenomenon. This study was conducted to look at the bone and muscle response at different consolidation and remodelling periods. Thirty ten-week-old Merino lambs were subjected to this current study. The surgically created defect was performed on the experimental side (right) by superficial masseter myectomy and a condylectomy. The lambs showed a midline shift to the affected side three months later. Marker screws were placed on both sides of the mandible to examine the adjustment of the vertical and horizontal dimension of the mandible. In this present study, the left side was used as the control. The affected mandible was surgically corrected using a vertical ramus distraction osteogenesis protocol. The latency period was 7 days where the device was inactive. Distraction was then performed at 1 mm per day until the distracted gap was 10 mm on a radiograph. Initially, the sheep were divided into 8 groups but later the groups were refined into 6 groups for statistical analysis; Group 1: Immediately post distraction Group 2: Consolidation 2 months and remodelling 1 month Group 3: Consolidation 3 months Group 4: Consolidation 3 months and remodelling 1 month Group 5: Consolidation 3 months and remodelling 2 months Group 6: Consolidation 4 months A ‘hemifacial microsomia like’ defect was successfully created and it was then corrected using vertical ramus distraction. Cephalometric examination showed that the vertical height was significantly increased after the distraction was completed. Examination of the bone and muscle was performed to look at the adjustment of bone structure in relation to relapse. The bone investigation was conducted using radiological analysis, histological analysis and direct measurement of the vertical screws at pre-distraction and at sacrifice as well as histomorphometric analysis. The radiological examination was conducted using cephalometric analysis of the distance between marker screws on both experimental and control sides. Bone histology was investigated on the middle and posterior position of the experimental side. The histomorphometric analysis was conducted using Quantiment analysis software. The muscle responses and adaptation were investigated by measuring: the weight of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles; length between 6 different points (4 landmarks); cross section and thickness of masseter muscles by ultrasound and by histopathological examination of both masseter and medial pterygoid muscles on the experimental and the control sides. The distracted bone showed a completion of maturation after a three month consolidation period. Bone formation was shown to continue after longer consolidation periods. A two-month consolidation period was insufficient time for the bone to consolidate and stable, as there was evidenced of relapse during this period. There was no increased in muscle mass after distraction. The distraction altered the length of anterior and posterior planes and the size of cross sectional area and thickness of origin and middle level of masseter muscles. There were no changes in the length of the middle and oblique planes and the cross sectional area of the insertion of the masseter muscle. The distracted muscle adapted well after a longer consolidation and remodelling period but was sensitive to any surgical procedure such as device removal. The adjustment was observed to continue within the first month after surgical removal of device. The weight, length of planes, cross section and thickness was temporarily reduced on the experimental side but continued to improve and stabled during the second month after removal of the device. The first month after device removal also showed that histopathological activity was increased after both 2 and 3 month consolidation periods. Importantly, muscle histopathology was back to almost normal activity after the second month of device removal, following a 3 month consolidation period. This study showed that it was possible to create a ‘hemifacial microsomia like’ defect in very young lambs. The defect was then successfully corrected by a vertical distraction osteogenesis procedure. It was also shown that the sufficient time for the device to be fixed in place (consolidation period) was 3 months or longer as the bone and muscle was stable after that period of time. Results from this investigation have important implications to the management of similar conditions in humans.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008

Hepatic cytometry in postmortem interval estimation in dogs

Estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) is a prerequisite in forensic invesitgations of death in all species of interest to courts. Age-old methods of relying on gross postmortem changes including algor mortis, livor mortis, putrefaction and lividity are been replaced by rapid high end techniques such as gene expression changes, proteomics, electrical impulse alterations, histopathological and biochemical changes. Generally cell death – autolysis or necrosis begins as soon as nutrition and oxygen supply to cells are cut short. On this basis that techniques such as flow cytometry have the potential of becoming a handy tool in assessing the viability of cells and tissues at postmortem while correlating same with postmortem interval. This preliminary study aimed at correlating hepatic tissue necrosis with postmortem interval in dogs, sampled the hepatic tissue of three (n=3) bitches at 6 h intrevals to assess the rate of necrosis over an 18 h period. Propidium iodide stain was used to filter dead from living cells on flow cyometry. Results were analyzed by descriptive statistics in percentages and coefficents and summarily showed a strongly linear correlation (R2=0.98) between postmortem hepatic tissue autolysis and postmortem interval in dogs. Rate of hepatic tissue autolysis measured by flow cytometry is a good indicator of postmortem interval in dogs

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the Syzygium polyanthum leaf extract from Malaysia

Background and aim: The increasing prevalence of drug resistance eventually leads scientist to discover new drugs that could solve the problem. Since ancient immemorial times, medicinal plants generally known as herbs were widely used in every culture throughout the world. In fact, currently up to 70,000 plant species have been screened for biological activities and about 70% ends up for commercialization. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic and antibacterial effect of Syzygium polyanthum leaves which are local Malaysia plants, against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells, respectively, and also against bacteria causing mastitis in cows. Materials and methods: The cytotoxic effect of hydromethanolic extract of S. polyanthum against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The cells were treated with the concentration of extracts ranging from 15.63 µg/mL to 1000 µg/ml for 72 h, and the percentage of cell survivability was determined based on minimum concentration that was able to allow at least 50% growth of cancer cells (IC50) after 72 h. The antibacterial activity was tested against common bacteria causing mastitis in cow. The bacteria were isolated from milk samples. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disk diffusion method and susceptibility test based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus intermedius were isolated from the milk samples that positive for mastitis. The MIC values range from 7.12 mm to 13.5 mm. The extract exhibits the widest zone of inhibition (13.5±0.20 mm) at 1000 mg/ml of concentrations. The extract relatively has low cytotoxicity effect against 4T1 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 672.57±59.42 and 126.05±50.89 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: S. polyanthum exerts weak antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect to mammary carcinoma cells. The extract does not toxic to cells. However, further study is recommended, especially, this plant should be tested for in vivo

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the Syzygium polyanthum leaf extract from Malaysia

Background and Aim: The increasing prevalence of drug resistance eventually leads scientist to discover new drugs that could solve the problem. Since ancient immemorial times, medicinal plants generally known as herbs were widely used in every culture throughout the world. In fact, currently up to 70,000 plant species have been screened for biological activities and about 70% ends up for commercialization. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic and antibacterial effect of Syzygium polyanthum leaves which are local Malaysia plants, against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells, respectively, and also against bacteria causing mastitis in cows. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of hydromethanolic extract of S. polyanthum against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The cells were treated with the concentration of extracts ranging from 15.63 μg/mL to 1000 μg/ml for 72 h, and the percentage of cell survivability was determined based on minimum concentration that was able to allow at least 50% growth of cancer cells (IC50) after 72 h. The antibacterial activity was tested against common bacteria causing mastitis in cow. The bacteria were isolated from milk samples. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disk diffusion method and susceptibility test based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus intermedius were isolated from the milk samples that positive for mastitis. The MIC values range from 7.12 mm to 13.5 mm. The extract exhibits the widest zone of inhibition (13.5±0.20 mm) at 1000 mg/ml of concentrations. The extract relatively has low cytotoxicity effect against 4T1 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 672.57±59.42 and 126.05±50.89 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: S. polyanthum exerts weak antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect to mammary carcinoma cells. The extract does not toxic to cells. However, further study is recommended, especially, this plant should be tested for in vivo

Recent overview of mammary cancer in dogs and cats: classification, risk factors and future perspectives for treatment

Mammary cancer remains as the common cancer in intact female dogs and cats. Its share similarities with human breast cancer as the cancer initially arise from the mammary gland. Therefore, the treatment protocols for the mammary cancer in animal mostly were extrapolated from human breast cancer treatment. In this review, we highlight various key aspects of mammary cancer information in dogs and cats with special emphasis on classification, epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. This review also highlights the recommendation for future study as information given could be extrapolated to human breast cancer

Effect of low level laser and low intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy on bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Abstract Background Quality bone regeneration, which leads to the improvement of bone remodeling, is essential for orthodontic treatment. In order to improve bone regeneration and increase the amount of tooth movement, different techniques have been implemented. The object of this study is to compare the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), and their combination on bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. Methods Eighty (80) male, 6-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were grouped in to four groups, the first group was irradiated with (940 nm) diode laser, second group with LIPUS, and third group with combination of both LLLT and LIPUS. A forth group used was a control group in an incomplete block split-mouth design. The LLLT and LIPUS were used to treat the area around the moving tooth once a day on days 0–7, then the experiment was ended in each experimental endpoint (1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days). For amount of tooth movement, models were imaged and analyzed. Histological examination was performed after staining with (hematoxylin and eosin) and (alizarin red and Alcian Blue) stain. One step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR was also performed to elucidate the gene expression of RANK, RANKL, OPG, and RUNX-2. Results The amount of tooth movement, the histological bone remodeling, and the RT-PCR were significantly greater in the treatment groups than that in the control group. Among the treatment groups, the combination group was the highest and the LIPUS group was the lowest. Conclusion These findings suggest that LLLT and LIPUS can enhance the velocity of tooth movement and improve the quality of bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement

Therapeutic activities of artemesia Herba-Alba and Rosmarinus officinalis against microbial infection: a review

Natural products are still major potential sources of innovative therapeutic agents for various conditions, including infectious diseases as they represent an unmet source of chemical diversity. This study was conducted to determine the anti-trypanosomal properties of Artemisia herba-alba and Rosmarinus officinalis in vivo settings. We have reviewed previous studies in the literature, which support the therapeutic activity of these plants and the data suggest that A. herba-alba as well as R. officinalis have anti-trypanosomal activites, and reinforce the use of this plant as an alternative remedy for microbial infection in traditional medicine

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity assessment of Channa striatus (Haruan) extract

Background and Aim: Channa striatus extract, a freshwater snakehead fish known as Haruan, is popular in Southeast Asia for consumption and as a traditional therapeutic remedy for wound healing. C. striatus is also used in osteoarthritic for its anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of antibacterial properties of C. striatus extract against oral bacteria and to investigate the cytotoxic activity against Vero cells. Materials and Methods: The authors prepared C. striatus extract in chloroform-methanol solvents. Next, the authors took subgingival microbiological samples from 16 cats that had periodontal disease. The authors determined the antibacterial properties of C. striatus extract against the isolated bacteria using the disk diffusion method and a broth microdilution-based resazurin microtiter assay. Finally, the authors used the Vero cell line to evaluate the cytotoxic activity, and they assessed the cell availability using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: The results showed weak antibacterial activity of C. striatus extract against Pseudomonas spp. and Escherichia coli. In addition, the authors found that minimum inhibition concentration values ranged between 400 and 500 mg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration values ranged between 650 and 550 mg/mL. However, the cytotoxic results were promising, showing that C. striatus extract increased the cell viability and growth when it was at a higher concentration. The extract also promotes growth and cell proliferation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that C. striatus extract promoted cell proliferation in vitro and could be a plausible therapeutic wound healing alternative for periodontal disease in cats