A new species of krait of the genus Bungarus (Squamata, Elapidae) from Ratchaburi Province, western Thailand

We described a new species of elapid snake genus Bungarus from the Tenasserim Mountain Range in Ratchaburi Province, western Thailand. Bungarus sagittatus sp. nov. can be distinguished from all congeners by having the combination of 15 dorsal scale rows; 215–217 ventral scales; 48–56 undivided subcaudal; prefrontal suture 2.4–2.6 times length of internasal suture; anterior chin shields larger than posterior chin shields; head of adult uniform black while juvenile black with small dim white patches on temporal and parietal areas; dorsal body black, with 25–31 white narrow bands, white and black bands at midbody covering 1.5–3.0 and 4.5–6.0 vertebral scales, respectively; dorsal body black bands not intruding ventrals or intruding ventrals less than 0.5 times of width of outer dorsal scales; ventral surface of body immaculate white; ventral side of tail white with a row of dark brown triangular patches on middle pointing posteriorly; tail relatively long, tail length/total length 0.140–0.143. Genetically, the new species has uncorrected pairwise divergences of ≥ 8.29% of the mitochondrial cytochrome b from other Bungarus species. Currently, the new species is only known from the type locality

A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from the uplands of western Thailand

An integrative systematic analysis recovered a new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group from the uplands of Thong Pha Phum National Park, Kanchanaburi Province in western Thailand. Cyrtodactylus thongphaphumensis sp. nov. is deeply embedded within the brevipalmatus group, bearing an uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 7.6–22.3% from all other species based on a 1,386 base pair segment of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene (ND2) and adjacent tRNAs. It is diagnosable from all other species in the brevipalmatus group by statistically significant mean differences in meristic and normalized morphometric characters as well as differences in categorical morphology. A multiple factor analysis recovered its unique and non-overlapping placement in morphospace as statistically significantly different from that of all other species in the brevipalmatus group. The description of this new species contributes to a growing body of literature underscoring the high degree of herpetological diversity and endemism across the sky-island archipelagos of upland montane tropical forest habitats in Thailand, which like all other upland tropical landscapes, are becoming some of the most imperiled ecosystems on the planet

Hidden diversity of rock geckos within the Cnemaspis siamensis species group (Gekkonidae, Squamata): genetic and morphological data from southern Thailand reveal two new insular species and verify the phylogenetic affinities of C. chanardi and C. kamolnorranathi

Two new insular rock geckos in the genus Cnemaspis are described from Ko Samui in Surat Thani Province and Ko Similan in Phang-nga Province, southern Thailand, based on a combination of morphological and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) data. Both new species represent divergent lineages within the Cnemaspis siamensis species group. Cnemaspis samui sp. nov. is distinguished from other species in the group by having eight or nine supralabial and infralabial scales; 5–8 pore-bearing precloacal scales in males, pores rounded; 25–27 paravertebral tubercles, arranged randomly; 22–25 subdigital lamellae under 4th toe; enlarged median subcaudal scale row present; gular region, abdomen, limbs and subcaudal region yellowish only in males, and uncorrected pairwise divergences of 8.86–26.83% from all other species in the C. siamensis species group. Cnemaspis similan sp. nov. is distinguished from other species in the group by having eight or nine supralabial and seven or eight infralabial scales; one pore-bearing precloacal scale in males, pore rounded; 24 or 25 paravertebral tubercles, arranged randomly; 23 or 24 subdigital lamellae under 4th toe; no enlarged median subcaudal scale row; pale yellow reticulum on head, neck, flanks, belly and limbs in male only, and uncorrected pairwise divergences of 9.34–27.11% from all other species in the C. siamensis species group. Cnemaspis samui sp. nov. is found along granitic rocky stream outcrops of Hin Lad Waterfall, Ko Samui, Gulf of Thailand, while Cnemaspis similan sp. nov. occurs in granitic rocky outcrops near Ao Nguang Chang Bay, Ko Similan, Andaman Sea. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed that C. chanardi and C. kamolnorranathi are also nested within the C. siamensis species group, as previously hypothesized from morphology and color pattern characters

The taxonomy and phylogeny of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with emphasis on C. interdigitalis and C. ngati

Abstract Convergent morphological specializations for an arboreal lifestyle in most species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group have been a confounding factor for establishing a stable taxonomy among its species. Recent references to C. interdigitalis from throughout Thailand and Laos were made without comparisons to the type material from Tham Yai Nam Nao, Nam Nao National Park, Phetchabun Province, Thailand, but instead, were based on general morphological similarity and distribution. The taxonomy of C. interdigitalis is stabilized here by comparing the paratypes to other specimens from Thailand and Laos and recovering their phylogenetic relationships based on newly acquired genetic data, including those from the type locality. The phylogeny recovered all specimens outside the type locality to be either C. ngati from Vietnam or new species closely related to C. ngati. Cyrtodactylus interdigitalis is shown here to be a range-restricted upland endemic on the Phetchabun massif of northern Thailand. The phylogeny also indicates that C. ngati extends hundreds of kilometers farther south into northern Thailand and central Laos. We hypothesize that the significant morphological divergence in body shape of the types of C. ngati, compared to that of the Lao and Thai populations, may be due to local adaptions for utilizing karst (C. ngati) rather than vegetation (Lao and Thai populations). Additionally, phylogenetic and multivariate analyses identified a potentially new species from Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, Phitsanulok Province, in northern Thailand and another from the Khlong Naka Wildlife Sanctuary, Ranong Province, in southern Thailand. A series of newly examined specimens from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Phetchaburi Province, Thailand represents a possible ~82 km range extension to the southeast of C. rukhadeva. This research continues to underscore the high diversity of range-restricted upland endemics in Thailand and the importance of examining type material (if possible) in the context of a phylogeny so as to construct proper taxonomies that reveal, rather than obscure, diversity

The description of the first rock-dwelling species of Butterfly Lizard Leiolepis Cuvier, 1829 (Squamata, Agamidae) from the Khorat Plateau in northeastern Thailand.

A new species of rock-dwelling Leiolepis is described from the Khorat Plateau in northeastern Thailand. Leiolepis glaurung sp. nov. can be differentiated from all other sexual species of Leiolepis by a combination of having a black gular region with a wide medial yellow stripe, a yellow ventrum with black mottling, bright red to orange subcaudal coloration, having reduced to no expandable flanks, and having only one black transverse bar on the flanks. This is the first rocky habitat-adapted Leiolepis. Leiolepis glaurung sp. nov. demonstrates numerous ecological adaptations to survive in these rocky habitats. Leiolepis are known for their expandable flanks with bright display colors, however Leiolepis glaurung sp. nov. has reduced or no ability to expand its flanks. We hypothesize this is an adaptation to reduce their body diameter to better fit into smaller rocky burrows unlike the larger and deeper burrows constructed in looser soils by other Leiolepis species. This discovery increases the number of Leiolepis species in Thailand to six, and worldwide to 11

Odorrana livida

Odorrana livida (Blyth, 1856) (Figures 2, 3, 4, 5) Polypedates lividus Blyth, 1856: 718 Odorrana livida Fei, Ye and Huang, 1990: 148.Published as part of Rujirawan, Attapol, Stuart, Bryan L. & Aowphol, Anchalee, 2018, Expanded description of Odorrana livida (Blyth, 1856) with notes on its natural history in Thailand, pp. 1581-1600 in Journal of Natural History 52 (21 - 24) on page 1584, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1481236, http://zenodo.org/record/517494

A new tree frog in the genus Polypedates (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from southern Thailand

Rujirawan, Attapol, Stuart, Bryan L., Aowphol, Anchalee (2013): A new tree frog in the genus Polypedates (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from southern Thailand. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 545-565, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.

A New <i>Limnonectes</i> (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Southern Thailand

A new species in the dicroglossid frog genus Limnonectes is described from Ko Pha-ngan, Ko Samui, and Ko Lanta Yai Islands in southern Thailand. Males of Limnonectes pseudodoriae sp. nov. lack a caruncle on top of the head and very closely resemble L. doriae (Boulenger, 1887) from Myanmar and western and southern Thailand. However, the new species is distinguished from L. doriae and its congeners using an integrative taxonomic approach of morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and bioacoustics. Limnonectes pseudodoriae sp. nov. differs from L. doriae and its congeners by having a unique combination of morphological characters, including body size; skin texture of the interorbital region, dorsum, and shank; toe webbing; relative size of the inner metatarsal tubercle; and coloration of the tympanum, venter, and ova. The advertisement call of the new species is also readily differentiated from that of L. doriae in temporal parameters. Limnonectes pseudodoriae sp. nov. is highly divergent in mitochondrial DNA from L. doriae and its congeners, but its phylogenetic position within the genus is not resolved. The natural history of the new species is presented, and the geographic range of L. doriae in Thailand is clarified

Re-evaluating the taxonomic status of Chiromantis in Thailand using multiple lines of evidence (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae)

Aowphol, Anchalee, Rujirawan, Attapol, Taksintum, Wut, Arsirapot, Sutipong, Mcleod, David S. (2013): Re-evaluating the taxonomic status of Chiromantis in Thailand using multiple lines of evidence (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 3702 (2): 101-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.2.

Limnonectes lauhachindai Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern & Stuart, 2015, sp. nov.

&lt;i&gt;Limnonectes lauhachindai&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov. &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Holotype:&lt;/b&gt; NCSM 80222 (field tag AA 01384), adult male (Fig. 1), Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn District, Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict, 15&deg;17&rsquo;47.6&rdquo;N 105&deg;28&rsquo;22.0&rdquo;E, 131 m elev., coll. 29 August 2012 by Anchalee Aowphol, Siriporn Yodthong, Natee Ampai, and Attapol Rujirawan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Paratypes:&lt;/b&gt; NCSM 81269, ZMKU AM 01104&ndash;09 (seven adult males): same data as holotype. ZMKU AM 0 1111 (one adult male): same data as holotype except coll. 30 August 2012. ZMKU AM 00552&ndash;53, ZMKU AM 00586&ndash;92 (nine adult males; Fig. 2): same data as holotype except coll. 19 August 2011 by Attapol Rujirawan, Wut Taksintum, Virayuth Lauhachinda, Anchalee Aowphol, and Siriporn Yodthong.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;FMNH 266148/ THNHM 0 5185, FMNH 266154/ THNHM 0 5189 (two adult males), FMNH 266147/ THNHM 0 5184, FMNH 266150/ THNHM 0 5025 (two adult females): Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Na Chaluai District, Phu Jong-Na Yoi National Park, Huay Luang Noi Stream, 14&ordm;26&rsquo;15.9&rdquo;N 105&ordm;16&rsquo;48.2&rdquo;E, 360 m elev., coll. 15 September 2004 by Yodchaiy Chuaynkern, Bryan L. Stuart, Chatchay Chuechat, and Sunchai Makchai. FMNH 266151/ THNHM 0 5026 (one adult female): same data as FMNH 266147/ THNHM 0 5184 except 14&deg;25&rsquo;43.9&quot;N 105&deg;16&rsquo;51.0&quot;E, 350 m elev. FMNH 266152/ THNHM 0 5187 (one adult female): same data as FMNH 266147/ THNHM 0 5184 except 14&deg;26&rsquo;18.6&quot;N 105&deg;16&rsquo;04.5&quot;E, 325 m elev.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Referred material.&lt;/b&gt; ZMKU AM 0 0 593 (one juvenile male), same data as ZMKU AM 0 0 586.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; The specific epithet is a patronym for Associate Professor Dr. Virayuth Lauhachinda, Kasetsart University, and co-collector of the new species, in recognition of his contributions to herpetology in Thailand.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Suggested common names.&lt;/b&gt; Lauhachinda's Fanged Frog (English), Kob Ngon Arjarn Virayuth (Thai).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Assigned to the genus &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes&lt;/i&gt; on the basis of molecular evidence (Fig. 3), the presence of fanglike odontoid processes on the lower jaw (Emerson &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2000; Lambertz &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2014), and males with hypertrophied heads (Lambertz &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2014). A small-sized &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes&lt;/i&gt; having males with SVL 30.5&ndash;42.0, females with SVL 32.9&ndash;37.9; males with low-profiled, U-shaped caruncle with free posterior margin that completely occupies, but does not extend beyond, interobital region; males with hypertrophied heads; both sexes with enlarged odontoid processes on anterior margin of lower jaw; and webbing on toes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;additions of PWRC = Phu Luang Wildlife Research Centre Museum; RMB = Rafe M. Brown field series; and ZNAC = Anhui Normal University.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description of holotype.&lt;/b&gt; Habitus moderately stocky; body tapering to groin. Head broad and depressed; head length and width subequal. Snout obtusely pointed in dorsal view, round in profile, projecting well beyond lower jaw in profile; nostril dorsolateral, much closer to tip of snout than to eye, below canthus, internarial distance subequal to interorbital distance; canthus rostralis indistinct, rounded, slightly constricted behind nostrils; lores concave, oblique; eye diameter 80% snout length, interorbital distance greater than upper eyelid width; pineal ocellus visible; tympanum round, not elevated from side of head, annulus weakly visible, tympanum diameter about 82% eye diameter and greater than distance between tympanum and eye; small, slit-like vocal sac openings on floor of mouth near lateral margin of tongue; vomerine teeth on two oblique ridges, equal in distance to each other as to choanae; two large odontoid processes at front of mandible; median triangular protuberance at mandibular symphisis.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Forelimb moderately robust. Fingers moderately slender, without webbing; tip of fingers rounded, weakly expanded into discs; relative finger lengths II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III; moveable flap of skin on preaxial sides of Fingers II&ndash; IV; distinct subarticular tubercles, one on Fingers I&ndash;II, two on Fingers III&ndash;IV; distinct palmar tubercles, one at base of Finger I, two in contact as base of Fingers II&ndash;IV; nuptial pad absent.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hindlimb moderately robust. Toes moderately slender; tips of toes rounded, expanded into small discs; relative toe lengths I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV; webbing on Toe I to base of disc, on preaxial side of Toe II to midway between subarticular tubercle and tip and continuing as a fringe to base of tip, on postaxial side of Toe II to base of tip, on preaxial side of Toe III to level of distal subarticular tubercle continuing as a fringe to base of tip, on postaxial side of Toe III to base of tip, on preaxial and postaxial sides of Toe IV to level of distal subarticular tubercle and continuing as a fringe to base of tip, and on Toe V to base of tip; moveable flap of skin on outer margins of Toes I and V; distinct fold on distal half of tarsus; distinct, elongate, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle, length about 44% distance between tip of toe I and tubercle; no outer metatarsal tubercle.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Skin above shagreened with irregular rows of large oval warts, most concentrated near flank and lower back; low-profiled, U-shaped caruncle with free posterior margin that fully occupies, but does not extend beyond, the interorbital region; distinct supratympanic ridge from posterior corner of eye to axilla; large rictal gland; no dorsolateral fold; skin on venter smooth.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Measurements of holotype given in Table 2.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Color of holotype in preservative.&lt;/b&gt; Dorsum dark brown; tips of dorsal warts white, warts encircled with black. Venter cream, chin dark brown, throat with large brown spots, belly and ventral surfaces of limbs with very small dark spots.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Color of paratype ZMKU AM 0 0 586 in life.&lt;/b&gt; Dorsum brown, with irregular black spots, becoming brassy on dorsal surfaces of limbs and upper flank; continuous black streak under canthus and supratympanic fold, extending from nostril to upper half of tympanum; lips brown with broad black bars; iris bronze; broad cream-yellow vertebral stripe from anterior margin of upper jaw to vent; upper surfaces of hindlimb with broad black bands; lower flank beige and gray (Fig. 2).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Variation.&lt;/b&gt; Females lack caruncles and have narrower heads in dorsal view than males. The largest male paratype (ZMKU AM 01111; SVL 42.0 mm) is noticeably larger than the second largest (NCSM 81269; SVL 37.7 mm). Seven (NCSM 81269, ZMKU AM 0 1106, ZMKU AM 00552&ndash;53, ZMKU AM 00586&ndash;87, ZMKU AM 00593) of 25 (28%) specimens have a pale vertebral stripe, a polymorphic character seen in other &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes&lt;/i&gt;, including &lt;i&gt;L. dabanus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;L. kohchangae&lt;/i&gt; (Stuart &amp; Emmett 2006; Stuart &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2006b). Measurements are summarized in Table 2.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Molecules.&lt;/b&gt; The aligned dataset contained 1,624 characters. The new species was recovered as sister to a clade containing &lt;i&gt;L. dabanus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;L. gyldenstolpei&lt;/i&gt; (Fig. 3). The holotype and six paratypes (NCSM 81269, ZMKU AM 01104&ndash;07, ZMKU AM 01109) are identical in the 16S gene fragment, but have an uncorrected pairwise divergence of 5.98&ndash;6.72% from &lt;i&gt;L. dabanus&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; =2) and 4.25&ndash;8.40% from &lt;i&gt;L. gyldenstolpei&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; =3).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Calls.&lt;/b&gt; Paratype male ZMKU AM 0 0 589 had two different advertisement call types, referred to here as Type 1 and Type 2 (Fig. 4). Type 1 (n = 30) had 1&ndash;10, one-pulsed notes lasting 27.44 to 4342.91 ms; note duration of 10.29&ndash;34.50 ms; interval between notes 182.50&ndash;972.41 ms; note repetition rate of 0.98&ndash;4.00 notes per second; and dominant frequency of 1.12&ndash;2.33 kHz. Type 2 (n = 3) was a single, multi-pulsed note lasting 1749.06&ndash;2148.03 ms with 31&ndash;37 pulses; pulse duration of 21.24&ndash;25.00 ms; interval between pulses 33.74&ndash;35.36 ms; pulse rate 16.98&ndash; 17.49 pulses per second; and dominant frequency of 2.15&ndash;2.24 kHz (Table 3). The advertisement calls were repeated at a rate of approximately 0.12 calls per second and intercall interval varied from 0.36 to 30.26 s. These calls showed frequency modulation with or without weak harmonics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution and natural history.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes lauhachindai&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; is only known from Na Chaluai and Sirindhorn Districts, Ubon Ratachathani Province, Thailand (Fig. 5), from 131&ndash;360 m elevation. Those from Na Chaluai District were taken on the bank or in the water of a shallow stream flowing over bedrock in semi-evergreen forest on a single day between 1400&ndash;2140 h. Those from Sirindhorn District were taken on the ground in deciduous dipterocarp forest with wet grassy understory (Fig. 6). Eggs and larvae are unknown.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Comparisons.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes lauhachindai&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; differs from all other species of &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes&lt;/i&gt; except &lt;i&gt;L. dabanus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;L. gyldenstolpei&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;L. macrognathus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;L. plicatellus&lt;/i&gt; by having mature males with a caruncle on top of the head. &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes lauhachindai&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; further differs from these four species by having males with a lowprofiled, U-shaped caruncle with free posterior margin that fully occupies, but does not extend beyond, the interorbital region (caruncle high-profiled and domed in &lt;i&gt;L. dabanus&lt;/i&gt;; caruncle extending beyond interorbital region in &lt;i&gt;L. gyldenstolpei&lt;/i&gt;; caruncle lacking U-shape and free posterior margin in &lt;i&gt;L. macrognathus&lt;/i&gt;; caruncle high-profiled and horned in &lt;i&gt;L. plicatellus&lt;/i&gt;; Fig. 7). &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes lauhachindai&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; further differs from &lt;i&gt;L. dabanus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;L. gyldenstolpei&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;L. macrognathus&lt;/i&gt; by having much smaller males [SVL 52.9&ndash;65.5 (mean &plusmn; SD 59.8 &plusmn; 4.0, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 15) in &lt;i&gt;L. dabanus&lt;/i&gt;; SVL 51.1&ndash;68.4 (mean &plusmn; SD 62.0 &plusmn; 5.7, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 14) in &lt;i&gt;L. gyldenstolpei;&lt;/i&gt; SVL 43.2&ndash;48.8 (mean &plusmn; SD 45.5 &plusmn; 3.0, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3, this study), types SVL 47&ndash;57 (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 2; Boulenger 1920) in &lt;i&gt;L. macrognathus&lt;/i&gt;], and from &lt;i&gt;L. plicatellus&lt;/i&gt; by lacking dorsal rugosities arranged in distinct, longitudinal rows parallel to the body axis (present in &lt;i&gt;L. plicatellus&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes lauhachindai&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; superficially resembles &lt;i&gt;L. hascheanus&lt;/i&gt; (Stoliczka 1870), &lt;i&gt;L. limborgi&lt;/i&gt; (Sclater 1892), and &lt;i&gt;L. kohchangae&lt;/i&gt; (Smith 1922), but differs from all of them by having cephalic caruncles in males (absent in &lt;i&gt;L. hascheanus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;L. limborgi&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;L. kohchangae&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;i&gt;Limnonectes lauhachindai&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; further differs from &lt;i&gt;L. hascheanus&lt;/i&gt; by having larger body size [males with SVL 18.8&ndash;25.4, mean &plusmn; SD 22.1 &plusmn; 1.9, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 9, females with SVL 20.5&ndash;25.0, mean &plusmn; SD 23.0 &plusmn; 1.6, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 9, in &lt;i&gt;L. hascheanus&lt;/i&gt; (Inger &amp; Stuart 2010)], and from &lt;i&gt;L. hascheanus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;L. limborgi&lt;/i&gt; by having fully webbed toes (greatly reduced toe webbing in &lt;i&gt;L. hascheanus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;L. limborgi&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Male secondary sexual characters are unknown in &lt;i&gt;L. khammonensis&lt;/i&gt; (Smith 1929), which is known only from the female holotype, but females of &lt;i&gt;L. lauhachindai&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/b&gt; differ by having a distinct tympanum (indistinct in &lt;i&gt;L. khammonensis&lt;/i&gt;) and less toe webbing (Toe IV webbed to distal subarticular tubercle, continuing as fringe to base of disc, and all remaining toes webbed to base of disc in &lt;i&gt;L. khammonensis&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Aowphol, Anchalee, Rujirawan, Attapol, Taksintum, Wut, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy &amp; Stuart, Bryan L., 2015, A new caruncle-bearing Limnonectes (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Thailand, pp. 258-270 in Zootaxa 3956 (2)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 259-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.6, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/233382"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/233382&lt;/a&gt