Analytical method for evaluation of gas turbine inlet air cooling in combined cycle power plant

Gas turbine inlet air cooling technologies (GTIAC), mainly including chilling with LiBr/water absorption chiller and fogging as well, are being used during hot seasons to augment the power output. To evaluate the general applicability of inlet air cooling for gas-steam combined cycle power plant (GTCCIAC), parameters such as efficiency ratio, profit ratio and relative payback period were defined and analyzed through off-design performances of both gas turbine and inlet air cooling systems. An analytical method for applicability evaluation of GTCCIAC with absorption chiller (inlet chilling) and saturated evaporative cooler (inlet fogging) was presented. The applicability study based on typical off-design performances of the components in GTCCIAC shows that, the applicability of GTCCIAC with chilling and fogging depends on the design economic efficiency of GTCC power plant. In addition, it relies heavily on the climatic data and the design capacity of inlet air cooling systems. Generally, GTCCIAC is preferable in the zones with high ambient air temperature and low humidity. Furthermore, it is more appropriate for those GTCC units with lower design economic efficiency. Comparison of the applicability between chilling and fogging shows that, inlet fogging is superior in power efficiency at ta = 15-20 °C though it gains smaller profit margin than inlet chilling. GTCC inlet chilling with absorption chiller is preferable in the zones with ta > 25 °C and RH > 0.4.Gas-steam combined cycle Inlet air cooling Applicability Analytical approach

Additional file 1 of Increasing ratio of opportunistic infections associated with sunshine exposure and economic level burdening Chinese inflammatory bowel disease hospitalized patients: the first nationwide survey from 2014 to 2019

Supplementary Material

Fatigue life assessment methods for railway vehicle bogie frames

The fatigue life of bogie frames directly determines railway vehicles’ reliability and safety. Assessing bogie frame fatigue life is a significant requirement for railway vehicle designs. This paper reviews current railway bogie frame fatigue life assessment methods. These methods use standard-prescribed loads, measured load spectrums or simulated load spectrums to assess fatigue life. The methods of using standard-prescribed loads are categorised into design load methods; they are conservative and are usually used in the design stage or for remaining life assessment. The methods of using measured or simulated load spectrums are categorised into time domain method, frequency domain method, time-frequency domain method, Road Environment Percent Occurrence Spectrum (REPOS) method and bench test method; their assessment has a good agreement with bogie frames’ real fatigue life, but they cannot be used for assessing crack propagation. As for bogie frame fatigue life assessment, standard-prescribed loads and measured load spectrums take into account traction and braking loads. But design loads prescribed by standards cannot reproduce operational scenarios; measured load spectrums reproduce operational scenarios but require longer simulation or measured times, higher cost and are not suitable for the design stage. One research gap has been identified which is that current fatigue life assessment methods based on simulated load spectrums do not consider traction and braking forces. © 2020 Elsevier Lt

Barley Straw Combined with Urea and Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Improves Lint Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Field-Seeded Cotton

Straw returning is an important method of improving soil fertility and reducing environmental pollution. Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRN) is regarded as an effective way to reduce nitrogen (N) loss and increase N-use efficiency and crop yield. In order to determine the combined effects of straw management (straw removal and straw returning) and N-fertilization strategy (CK (no N), urea, CRN, and a mixture of urea and CRN (UC)) on lint yield, N utilization, and soil properties at harvest of field-seeded cotton, field experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2019. The results demonstrated that the lint yield was the highest with a combination of straw returning and UC, increasing by 4.2–46.9% over other combinations. Straw returning combined with UC facilitated biomass-accumulation and N-uptake from squaring to the boll-opening growth stage, contributing to higher N agronomic-use efficiency and apparent recovery-use efficiency. Moreover, regardless of the straw management, CRN or UC treatment increased the soil microbial N content and sucrase activity at harvest compared to urea or CK treatment. In summary, straw returning combined with UC was beneficial to the lint yield, N utilization, and soil N availability, which might be an optimizing strategy for field-seeded cotton

Barley Straw Combined with Urea and Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Improves Lint Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Field-Seeded Cotton

Straw returning is an important method of improving soil fertility and reducing environmental pollution. Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRN) is regarded as an effective way to reduce nitrogen (N) loss and increase N-use efficiency and crop yield. In order to determine the combined effects of straw management (straw removal and straw returning) and N-fertilization strategy (CK (no N), urea, CRN, and a mixture of urea and CRN (UC)) on lint yield, N utilization, and soil properties at harvest of field-seeded cotton, field experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2019. The results demonstrated that the lint yield was the highest with a combination of straw returning and UC, increasing by 4.2–46.9% over other combinations. Straw returning combined with UC facilitated biomass-accumulation and N-uptake from squaring to the boll-opening growth stage, contributing to higher N agronomic-use efficiency and apparent recovery-use efficiency. Moreover, regardless of the straw management, CRN or UC treatment increased the soil microbial N content and sucrase activity at harvest compared to urea or CK treatment. In summary, straw returning combined with UC was beneficial to the lint yield, N utilization, and soil N availability, which might be an optimizing strategy for field-seeded cotton