Comparative efficacy of human papillomavirus vaccines: systematic review and network meta-analysis

Despite their use, differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine efficacies remain uncertain. This study assesses efficacy differences among bivalent, quadrivalent, and nine-valent HPV (2vHPV, 4vHPV, and 9vHPV) vaccines. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing HPV vaccine efficacy against persistent infection (≥6 months) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+). Network meta-analysis yielded direct and indirect comparisons. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were reported, and robustness was evaluated via sensitivity analysis. In 11 randomized controlled trials with 58,881 healthy women, for persistent infection with HPV 16, 9vHPV was most effective at 97% (RR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.08); for HPV 18, 2vHPV (Cecolin) was most effective at 98% (RR = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00–0.29); for CIN2+ associated with HPV 16 and 18, 4vHPV was most effective at 99% (RR = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00–0.10) and 97% (RR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00–0.45), respectively; for persistent infection with HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, 9vHPV was ≥ 95% effective; both 2vHPV vaccines were cross-effective against HPV 31, 33, and 45; and 4vHPV was cross-effective against HPV 31. HPV vaccine efficacies differ for different HPV types. Additional data are needed to determine the cross-efficacy of 2vHPV (Cecolin).</p

Highly Selective and Sensitive Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Cobalt Imidazolate Framework Material

A cobalt imidazolate (im) framework material [Co­(im)₂]_<i>n</i> was employed to use as a trimethylamine (TMA) gas sensor and the [Co­(im)₂]<i>_n</i> sensor can be easily fabricated by using Ag–Pd interdigitated electrodes. Gas sensing measurement indicated that the [Co­(im)₂]<i>_n</i> sensor shows excellent selectivity, high gas response and a low detection limit level of 2 ppm to TMA at 75 °C. The good selectivity and high response to TMA of the sensor based on [Co­(im)₂]_<i>n</i> may be attributed to the weak interaction between the TMA molecules and the [Co­(im)₂]_<i>n</i> framework. That may provide an ideal candidate for detecting freshness of fish and seafood

Sample numbers from GWAS (after cleaning).

*<p>The number of SNPs that passed QC in all 4 GWAS datasets.</p><p>AUS  =  Australia, NZ = New Zealand.</p

Functional Fcgamma Receptor Polymorphisms Are Associated with Human Allergy

<div><p>Objective</p><p>IgG Fc receptors (FcγRs) play important roles in immune responses. It is not clear whether FcγR receptors play a role in human asthma and allergy. The aim of current study was to investigate whether functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FcγR genes (<i>FCGR</i>) are associated with human asthma and allergy.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Functional SNPs of <i>FCGR2A</i> (FcγRIIA-131His>Arg, rs1801274), <i>FCGR2B</i> (FcγRIIB-187Ile>Thr, rs1050501), <i>FCGR2C (</i>FcγRIIC-13Gln>Stop, rs10917661), <i>FCGR3A</i> (FcγRIIIA-158Val>Phe, rs396991), and <i>FCGR3B</i> variants (FcγRIIIB NA1 and NA2) were genotyped in an asthma family cohort including 370 atopy positive, 239 atopy negative, and 169 asthma positive subjects. The genotype and phenotype data (asthma, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and atopy) of subjects were analyzed using family-based association tests (FBAT) and logistic regression adjusted for age and sex.</p><p>Result</p><p>The FcγRIIA-131His>Arg SNP is significantly associated with atopy in a family-based association test (<i>P</i> = 0.00287) and in a logistic regression analysis (<i>P</i> = 0.0269, OR 0.732, 95% CI: 0.555–0.965). The FcγRIIA-131His (or rs1801274-A) allele capable of binding human IgG2 has a protective role against atopy. In addition, the rare FcγRIIB-187Thr (or rs1050501-C) allele defective for the receptor-mediated inhibitory signals is a risk factor for atopy (<i>P</i> = 0.0031, OR 1.758, 95% CI: 1.209–2.556) and IgE production (<i>P</i><0.001). However, variants of activating FcγRIIIA (rs396991), and FcγRIIIB (NA1 and NA2), and FcγRIIC (rs10917661) are not associated with asthma, BHR, and atopy (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB functional polymorphisms may have a role in the pathogenesis of allergy.</p></div

Plot of linkage scores along the whole genome with the IBD threshold of 3cM_1e-9 (shared haplotype segment >3 cM and haplotype probability p<10⁻⁹).

<p>Chromosome 19 has the strongest linkage signal (LOD = 4.65).</p

Screen shot from the UCSC genome browser illustrating expression regulation within the identified linkage region on Chromosome 19 (hg18) (

<p><a href="http://genome.ucsc.edu" target="_blank">http://genome.ucsc.edu</a><b>).</b> Human Refseq gene models are shown at the bottom of the figure. Custom bedGraph tracks illustrating expression regulation, as described in the manuscript, are shown. From top to bottom: (A) exon level expression fold change in hippocampus (FDR adjusted p value <0.01 and fold change >1.5) between early fetal (periods 3,4 and 5) and postnatal (periods 9,10,11 and 12) from Kang et al 2011, green bars indicate increased expression in fetal compared with postnatal and red bars indicate decreased expression in fetal compared with postnatal. ChIP-chip binding patterns of (B) H3K9me3 (C) TRIM28/KAP1 (D) SETDB1 and (E) ChIP-seq binding pattern of ZNF274 in K562 cells. For the ChIP-chip data log2 (ratio) values reflecting the ChIP enrichments are plotted on the Y axis. For the ChIP-seq data the number of tags reflecting the ChIP enrichments are plotted on the Y axis. ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq data are from Frietze et al 2010 supplementary data. Chromosomal coordinates and relative position on the chromosome is illustrated in the idogram at the top of the figure. The position of SNP rs159870 is shown by a vertical black line.</p

Plots of raw data of IBD with one point for each SNP.

<p>The green region is obvious outstanding from the black line, which indicates the proportion of case pairs in this region higher than that of control pairs. The black line represents where the proportion of case pairs equal to control pairs.</p

Comparison of IBD case pairs among different populations (rs159872 with the highest LOD score on chr19; LOD = 4.65).

*<p>% IBD case pairs = IBD pairs/case×(case-1)/2; (Fisher's Exact Test).</p

Quantitative analysis of whole-brain monosynaptic inputs to the dorsal striatum D1, D2, and ChAT neurons.

<p><b>(A)</b> We clustered input area into the dorsal striatum, cortex, thalamus, and other nuclei. Proportions of input neurons from the dorsal striatum and the cortex are significantly different between D1/D2 projection neurons and cholinergic interneurons. Error bars indicate SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, two tailed t-test; n = 4 mice. <b>(B)</b> Proportion of specific extrastriatal areas for each striatal cell type.</p

Monosynaptic inputs onto D1, D2, and ChAT neurons in the dorsal striatum.

<p><b>(A)</b> Coronal representation of retrograde monosynaptic labeling of input neurons onto D1 MSNs, D2 MSNs, and cholinergic interneurons. <b>(B)</b> Sagittal brain sections of an infected ChAT-Cre mouse, showing innervations to cholinergic neurons in the dorsal striatum. Abbreviations: Au, auditory cortex; BL, Basolateral amygdaloid nucleus; Cg, cingulate cortex; CL, centrolateral thalamic nucleus; CPu, caudate putamen; DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus; GPe, external globus pallidus; LO, lateral orbital cortex; LPMR, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, mediorostral part; M2, secondary motor cortex; PC, paracentral thalamic nucleus; PF, parafascicular thalamic nucleus; PtA, parietal association cortex; RS, retrosplenial cortex; S1, primary somatosensory cortex; STh, subthalamic nucleus; VO, ventral orbital cortex; V1, primary visual cortex; V2, secondary visual cortex; VL, ventrolateral thalamic nucleus.</p