563 research outputs found
Occupational Status and Health Transitions
We use longitudinal data from the 1984 through 2007 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine how occupational status is related to the health transitions of 30 to 59 year-old U.S. males. A recent history of blue-collar employment predicts a substantial increase in the probability of transitioning from very good into bad self-assessed health, relative to white-collar employment, but with no evidence of occupational differences in movements from bad to very good health. These findings are robust to a series of sensitivity analyses. The results suggest that blue-collar workers "wear out" faster with age because they are more likely, than their white-collar counterparts, to experience negative health shocks. This partly reflects differences in the physical demands of blue-collar and white-collar jobs.occupations, physical demands, health
Occupational Status and Health Transitions
We use longitudinal data from the 1984 through 2007 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine how occupational status is related to the health transitions of 30 to 59 year-old U.S. males. A recent history of blue-collar employment predicts a substantial increase in the probability of transitioning from very good into bad self-assessed health, relative to white-collar employment, but with no evidence of occupational differences in movements from bad to very good health. These findings are robust to a series of sensitivity analyses. The results suggest that blue-collar workers âwear outâ faster with age because they are more likely, than their white-collar counterparts, to experience negative health shocks. This partly reflects differences in the physical demands of blue-collar and white-collar jobs.
Population health and the economy: Mortality and the Great Recession in Europe
We analyze the evolution of mortalityâbased health indicators in 27 European countries before and after the start of the Great Recession. We find that in the countries where the crisis has been particularly severe, mortality reductions in 2007â2010 were considerably bigger than in 2004â2007. Panel models adjusted for spaceâinvariant and timeâinvariant factors show that an increase of 1 percentage point in the national unemployment rate is associated with a reduction of 0.5% (p < .001) in the rate of ageâadjusted mortality. The pattern of mortality oscillating procyclically is found for total and sexâspecific mortality, causeâspecific mortality due to major causes of death, and mortality for ages 30â44 and 75 and over, but not for ages 0â14. Suicides appear increasing when the economy deceleratesâcountercyclicallyâbut the evidence is weak. Results are robust to using different weights in the regression, applying nonlinear methods for detrending, expanding the sample, and using as business cycle indicator gross domestic product per capita or employmentâtoâpopulation ratios rather than the unemployment rate. We conclude that in the European experience of the past 20 years, recessions, on average, have beneficial shortâterm effects on mortality of the adult population.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142224/1/hec3495_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142224/2/hec3495.pd
Workplace Turbulence and Workforce Preparedness
The year 1973 marked a divide in the postwar economy.1 During the 25 years between 1948 and 1973, private sector productivity increased at an annual rate of 2.9%. Productivity improvement after 1973 fell way below this long-term trend, leveling off at about 0.6% a year until 1981 and rising to only 1.6% a year between 1981 and 1987. A similar pattern is reflected in the real wages of the workforce.2The conventional interpretation of this difference in the U.S. economy before and after 1973 is that it reflects the combined influence of the OPEC oil shock and the influx into the labor market of inexperienced workers born in the postwar baby boom, possibly reinforced by growth in regulatory costs.3 However, when the productivity data are analyzed in a growth accounting framework, these economic factors can only account for about two thirds of the productivity decline.4 What then explains the balance of the shortfall in productivity? Many analysts have pointed to the intangible effects on managers of increased economic uncertainty since 1973âgrowing business cautiousness, increased emphasis on short-term financial objectives, and inadequate entrepreneurial incentives.5 But economic change and uncertainty can also affect productivity through their impact on jobs and workers
Postnatal trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms: Postpartum antecedents and differences in toddler adjustment
Infants are uniquely vulnerable to maternal depressionâs noxious effects, but few longitudinal studies have tried to identify discrete postnatal trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms (MDS) beginning in infancy. This study extends evidence of heterogeneous change in postnatal MDS by examining their crossâcontextual antecedents in infancy and their consequences for childrenâs early behavior problems and language skills in late toddlerhood. A community sample of motherâchild dyads (N = 235, 72% Caucasian) was assessed when children were 7, 15, and 33 months old. Mothers reported their socioeconomic status (SES), social support, marital relationship quality, family dysfunction, parenting stress, and infantsâ functional regulatory problems at 7 months postpartum, and childrenâs internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 33 months. Children completed a receptive vocabulary assessment at 33 months in the lab. Latent class growth analysis identified three postnatal MDS trajectory classes that fit the data best: lowâdecreasing, moderate, and increasing. Psychosocial measures at seven months postpartum primarily predicted membership to these postnatal trajectory classes, which subsequently differed in childrenâs internalizing, externalizing, and receptive vocabulary in late toddlerhood, controlling for family SES and functional regulatory problems in infancy. We discuss salient antecedents and consequences of postnatal depression for mothers and their offspring.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154920/1/imhj21843_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154920/2/imhj21843.pd
The labour supply effect of Education Maintenance Allowance and its implications for parental altruism
Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) was a UK government cash transfer paid directly to children aged 16â18, in the first 2Â years of post-compulsory full-time education. This paper uses the labour supply effect of EMA to infer the magnitude of the transfer response made by the parent, and so test for the presence of an âeffectively altruisticâ head-of-household, who redistributes resources among household members so as to maximise overall welfare. Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England, an EMA payment of ÂŁ30 per week is found to reduce teenagersâ labour supply by 3Â h per week and probability of employment by 13Â % points from a base of 43Â %. We conclude that parents withdraw cash and in-kind transfers from their children to a value of between 22 and 86Â % of what the child receives in EMA. This means we reject the hypothesis of an effectively altruistic head-of-household, and argue that making this cash transfer directly to the child produces higher child welfare than if the equivalent transfer were made to parents
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