Interleukin-22 predicts severity and death in advanced liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study

Background: Interleukin-22 (IL-22), recently identified as a crucial parameter of pathology in experimental liver damage, may determine survival in clinical end-stage liver disease. Systematic analysis of serum IL-22 in relation to morbidity and mortality of patients with advanced liver cirrhosis has not been performed so far. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study including 120 liver cirrhosis patients and 40 healthy donors to analyze systemic levels of IL-22 in relation to survival and hepatic complications. Results: A total of 71% of patients displayed liver cirrhosis-related complications at study inclusion. A total of 23% of the patients died during a mean follow-up of 196 +/- 165 days. Systemic IL-22 was detectable in 74% of patients but only in 10% of healthy donors (P 18 pg/ml, n = 57) showed significantly reduced survival compared to patients with regular ([less than or equal to]18 pg/ml) levels of IL-22 (321 days versus 526 days, P = 0.003). Other factors associated with overall survival were high CRP ([greater than or equal to]2.9 mg/dl, P = 0.005, hazard ratio (HR) 0.314, confidence interval (CI) (0.141 to 0.702)), elevated serum creatinine (P = 0.05, HR 0.453, CI (0.203 to 1.012)), presence of liver-related complications (P = 0.028, HR 0.258 CI (0.077 to 0.862)), model of end stage liver disease (MELD) score [greater than or equal to]20 (P = 0.017, HR 0.364, CI (0.159 to 0.835)) and age (P = 0.011, HR 1.047, CI (1.011 to 1.085)). Adjusted multivariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis identified elevated systemic IL-22 levels as independent predictors of reduced survival (P = 0.007, HR 0.218, CI (0.072 to 0.662)). Conclusions: In patients with liver cirrhosis, elevated systemic IL-22 levels are predictive for reduced survival independently from age, liver-related complications, CRP, creatinine and the MELD score. Thus, processes that lead to a rise in systemic interleukin-22 may be relevant for prognosis of advanced liver cirrhosis

Associations of CDH1 germline variant location and cancer phenotype in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC)

INTRODUCTION: Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a cancer syndrome associated with variants in E-cadherin (CDH1), diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer. There is considerable heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations. This study aimed to determine associations between CDH1 germline variant status and clinical phenotypes of HDGC. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two HDGC families, including six previously unreported families, were identified. CDH1 gene-specific guidelines released by the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) CDH1 Variant Curation Expert Panel were applied for pathogenicity classification of truncating, missense and splice site CDH1 germline variants. We evaluated ORs between location of truncating variants of CDH1 and incidence of colorectal cancer, breast cancer and cancer at young age (gastric cancer at \u3c40 or breast cancer \u3c50 years of age). RESULTS: Frequency of truncating germline CDH1 variants varied across functional domains of the E-cadherin receptor gene and was highest in linker (0.05785 counts/base pair; p=0.0111) and PRE regions (0.10000; p=0.0059). Families with truncating CDH1 germline variants located in the PRE-PRO region were six times more likely to have family members affected by colorectal cancer (OR 6.20, 95% CI 1.79 to 21.48; p=0.004) compared with germline variants in other regions. Variants in the intracellular E-cadherin region were protective for cancer at young age (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.64; p=0.0071) and in the linker regions for breast cancer (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.99; p=0.0493). Different CDH1 genotypes were associated with different intracellular signalling activation levels including different p-ERK, p-mTOR and β-catenin levels in early submucosal T1a lesions of HDGC families with different CDH1 variants. CONCLUSION: Type and location of CDH1 germline variants may help to identify families at increased risk for concomitant cancers that might benefit from individualised surveillance and intervention strategies

Early Production of IL-22 but Not IL-17 by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Exposed to live Borrelia burgdorferi: The Role of Monocytes and Interleukin-1

If insufficiently treated, Lyme borreliosis can evolve into an inflammatory disorder affecting skin, joints, and the CNS. Early innate immunity may determine host responses targeting infection. Thus, we sought to characterize the immediate cytokine storm associated with exposure of PBMC to moderate levels of live Borrelia burgdorferi. Since Th17 cytokines are connected to host defense against extracellular bacteria, we focused on interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. Here, we report that, despite induction of inflammatory cytokines including IL-23, IL-17 remained barely detectable in response to B. burgdorferi. In contrast, T cell-dependent expression of IL-22 became evident within 10 h of exposure to the spirochetes. This dichotomy was unrelated to interferon-γ but to a large part dependent on caspase-1 and IL-1 bioactivity derived from monocytes. In fact, IL-1β as a single stimulus induced IL-22 but not IL-17. Neutrophils display antibacterial activity against B. burgdorferi, particularly when opsonized by antibodies. Since neutrophilic inflammation, indicative of IL-17 bioactivity, is scarcely observed in Erythema migrans, a manifestation of skin inflammation after infection, protective and antibacterial properties of IL-22 may close this gap and serve essential functions in the initial phase of spirochete infection

Untersuchungen zu molekularer Expressionsregulation und biologischer Funktion von Interleukin-22

IL-22 wird hauptsächlich von aktivierten Leukozyten produziert, wirkt aber ausschließlich auf nicht-leukozytäre Zellen vor allem epithelialen Ursprungs. Die Funktionen des Zytokins sind strikt kontextabhängig. Einerseits aktiviert es bei infektionsgetriebenen Entzündungen die angeborene Immunität und wirkt gewebeprotektiv, andererseits weist IL-22 im Rahmen von Autoimmunerkrankungen pathogenes Potenzial auf, was vor allem auf die proliferationsfördernde Aktivität des Zytokins zurückzuführen ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals die Regulation der humanen IL-22 Expression auf molekularer Ebene charakterisiert. Insbesondere die Regulation des humanen IL-22 Promotors ist bislang nicht untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurden einige biologische Eigenschaften des Zytokins näher beleuchtet. Durch Untersuchungen an der gut charakterisierten humanen T-Zelllinie Jurkat sowie durch ergänzende Versuche an humanen Primärzellen (PBMC, CD3+ T-Zellen) konnte eine relevante Funktion der Transkriptionsfaktoren NF-ATc2 und CREB sowie des IKK/NF-ΚB Signalweges bei der Regulation der IL-22 Expression nachgewiesen werden. Sowohl für NF-ATc2 als auch für den IKK-Komplex konnte dabei CsA Sensitivität gezeigt werden. CsA wird, wenn nötig, in der Therapie schwerer Verlaufsformen der Psoriasis eingesetzt und bewirkt in den Patienten unter anderem eine Reduktion der im Rahmen der Erkrankung beobachteten IL-22 Expression. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse belegen erstmals eine direkte Rolle von CsA in der Reduktion der IL-22 Produktion bei immunmodulatorischer Therapie. Darüber hinaus konnte ich am Beispiel von B. burgdorferi zeigen, dass PBMC unter dem Einfluss extrazellulärer Bakterien Mediatoren freisetzen, welche die Aktivierung des IL-22 Promotors in benachbarten T-Zellen initiieren können. Dies passt zu Befunden, die belegen, dass PBMC nach Aktivierung durch B. burgdorferi eine rapide IL-22 Sekretion zeigen. Interessanterweise wird IL-17 in der frühen Phase der Aktivierung von PBMC durch B. burgdorferi nicht synthetisiert. Damit ergeben sich neue Einblicke in die Pathogenese der Spirochäteninfektion. So könnte IL-22 einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Schutz vor der borrelienassoziierten Lyme Borreliose leisten und die mangelhafte Immunabwehr, verursacht durch das Fehlen von IL-17, kompensieren. Außerdem konnte ich in der hier vorgelegten Arbeit belegen, dass Leberzirrhosepatienten signifikant erhöhte IL-22 Serumspiegel aufweisen. Da auch in Biopsien zirrhotischer Lebern IL-22 immunhistochemisch, vor allem in nicht-parenchymalen Zellen nachweisbar war, scheint die Leber der Syntheseort des im Serum detektierbaren Zytokins zu sein. Interessanterweise korrelierte IL-22 nicht nur mit der Mortalitätsrate bei Leberzirrhose, sondern auch mit der Krankheitsaktivität der betreffenden Patienten. Ein weiterer zu untersuchender Aspekt der hier vorgelegten Arbeit war die Identifizierung neuer IL-22 induzierbarer Gene. Dies geschah unter Verwendung der IL-22 responsiven, gut carakterisierten Kolonkarzinomzelllinien DLD-1 und Caco-2. Eine genomweite Expressionsstudie führte dabei zur Identifikation neuer IL-22 induzierbarer Gene, unter denen sich insbesondere CEACAM5 und NNMT befanden. Beide Proteine spielen eine Rolle in der Karzinogenese und könnten als bisher unbekannte Bindeglieder zwischen IL-22 und der Entstehung und Metastasierung maligner Entartungen fungieren. Darüber hinaus könnte sich durch NNMT, ein Enzym, das vornehmlich in der Leber exprimiert wird, eine Verbindung zur Rolle von IL-22 bei Leberzirrhose ergeben. Zusammengefasst eröffnen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht nur neue Einblicke in die Biologie von IL-22, sondern auch potenzielle Ansätze zur Therapie diverser Erkrankungen. So ist denkbar, in der Behandlung IL-22 getriebener Autoimmunerkrankungen, wie z.B. Psoriasis, auf die von starken Nebenwirkungen begleitete Verabreichung von CsA zu verzichten und stattdessen, beispielsweise durch Inhibierung des IKK-Komplexes, regulatorisch auf IL-22 einzuwirken. Neben einer möglichen Beteiligung von CEACAM5 und NNMT an IL-22/STAT3 vermittelter Karzinogenese, implizieren die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse eine Funktion des Zytokins bei Borrelieninfektion und Leberzirrhose, wobei die genauen Aufgaben von IL-22 im Rahmen dieser Krankheitsbilder bislang unbekannt sind. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen klären, ob eine Modulation der IL-22 Spiegel für die Therapie der jeweiligen Erkrankungen in Frage kommen könnte. Zumindest bei Leberzirrhose könnte die IL-22 Serumkonzentration aufgrund der hier vorgelegten Ergebnisse allerdings jetzt schon als neuer prognostischer Marker herangezogen werden.IL-22 is predominantly produced by activated leukocytes but acts exclusively on non-leukocytic cells mainly of epithelial origin. The functions of IL-22 are strictly context specific. While the cytokine activates innate immunity in the context of infection-driven inflammation and thus serves largely protective functions at host/environment interfaces, it is also known to contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. This latter biological activity is mediated particularly by IL-22 proliferative characteristics. Here, the regulation of the IL-22 expression on a molecular level was investigated for the first time. Notably, the regulation of the human IL-22 promotor has not been investigated yet. Moreover, distinct biological properties of this cytokine were analyzed herein. Using the well characterized human T cell line Jurkat and primary human cells (PBMC, CD3+ T cells), a crucial function for the transcription factors NF-ATc2 and CREB as well as for the IKK/NF-ΚB pathway in the regulation of the IL-22 expression was detected. Moreover, NF-ATc2 and IKK actions were shown to be CsA sensitive. In fact, this drug is advised for the treatment of severe psoriasis and its usage in such patients leads, among others, to reduction of disease-associated IL-22. Results presented herein indicate for the first time a direct action of CsA on IL-22 during immunomodulatory therapy. Furthermore, I was able to show that B. burgdorferi, used herein as a prototypic extracellular bacterium, causes PBMC to release specific mediators which in turn have the potential to initiate activation of the IL-22 promotor in surrounding T cells. This is in line with most recent studies displaying rapid secretion of IL-22 after activation of PBMC with B. burgdorferi. Interestingly, IL-17 was not detectable in the early phase of activation of PBMC by B. burgdorferi. These data may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of spirochete infections. Accordingly, IL-22 may play an important role in protection against borrelia-associated Lyme disease by compensating insufficient expression of IL-17 in the initial phase of infection. In a further project, I could document elevated IL-22 concentrations in sera of liver cirrhosis patients. By using immunohistochemistry, IL-22 expression could be detected likewise in non-parenchymal cells of biopsy specimens obtained from cirrhotic livers. These findings indicate that the liver serves as a source of IL-22 in these patients. Interestingly, the amount of serum IL-22 positively correlated with mortality and disease activity seen in those corresponding patients. Another aspect of this study was the identification of novel IL-22 inducible genes. For that purpose, the IL-22 responsive and well-characterized colon carcinoma cell lines DLD-1 and Caco-2 were used. A genome-wide expression study identified so far unknown IL-22 inducible genes among others CEACAM5 and NNMT. Both proteins likely serve significant functions in carcinogenesis and could therefore serve as potential linker molecules between IL-22 and the development and metastasis of certain malignancies. Since NNMT, a cytosolic enzyme, is predominantly expressed in liver cells, IL-22 induced NNMT could also be related to the functions of IL-22 in liver cirrhosis. Taken together, the results presented herein provide new insights into the biology of IL-22 and could set the road to novel therapeutic strategies regarding a range of different diseases. For example, targeting this cytokine in the treatment of IL-22-driven autoimmune diseases like psoriasis could replace the conservative application of CsA, which is associated with severe side effects. For example, targeting IL-22 by inhibition of the IKK complex might be a therapeutic option. In addition to a potential role of IL-22-induced CEACAM5 and NNMT in carcinogenesis, this study implies a function of IL-22 in the context of borrelia infection and liver cirrhosis. However, further detailed investigations are obviously required to clarify whether modulation of IL-22 might be a therapeutic option for the treatment of both diseases. Nevertheless, on the basis of the presented results, IL-22 could already serve as new prognostic marker for liver cirrhosis

Mechanisms of rapid induction of interleukin-22 in activated T cells and its modulation by cyclosporin a

IL-22 is an immunoregulatory cytokine displaying pathological functions in models of autoimmunity like experimental psoriasis. Understanding molecular mechanisms driving IL-22, together with knowledge on the capacity of current immunosuppressive drugs to target this process, may open an avenue to novel therapeutic options. Here, we sought to characterize regulation of human IL22 gene expression with focus on the established model of Jurkat T cells. Moreover, effects of the prototypic immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) were investigated. We report that IL-22 induction by TPA/A23187 (T/A) or αCD3 is inhibited by CsA or related FK506. Similar data were obtained with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified CD3(+) T cells. IL22 promoter analysis (-1074 to +156 bp) revealed a role of an NF-AT (-95/-91 nt) and a CREB (-194/-190 nt) binding site for gene induction. Indeed, binding of CREB and NF-ATc2, but not c-Rel, under the influence of T/A to those elements could be proven by ChIP. Because CsA has the capability to impair IκB kinase (IKK) complex activation, the IKKα/β inhibitor IKKVII was evaluated. IKKVII likewise reduced IL-22 induction in Jurkat cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, transfection of Jurkat cells with siRNA directed against IKKα impaired IL22 gene expression. Data presented suggest that NF-AT, CREB, and IKKα contribute to rapid IL22 gene induction. In particular the crucial role of NF-AT detected herein may form the basis of direct action of CsA on IL-22 expression by T cells, which may contribute to therapeutic efficacy of the drug in autoimmunity

Circulating Interleukin-37 Levels in Healthy Adult Humans – Establishing a Reference Range

Interleukin (IL)-37 has an important function in limiting excessive inflammation. Its expression is increased in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune conditions and correlates with disease activity, suggesting it could have potential as a disease biomarker. Nevertheless, a reference range has yet to be determined. Our aim was to establish the first reference range of circulating IL-37 levels in healthy adult humans. PubMed was searched for studies reporting blood IL-37 concentrations in healthy adult subjects as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nineteen studies were included in the analysis. Mean IL-37 levels were weighted by sample sizes, and weighted mean lower and upper levels ( ± 2SD of means) were calculated to provide a weighted mean and reference range. IL-37 levels were quantified in either serum or plasma from a total of 1035 (647 serum; 388 plasma) healthy subjects. The serum, plasma and combined matrix weighted means (reference ranges) were 72.9 (41.5 – 104.4) pg/mL, 83.9 (41.1 – 126.8) pg/mL, and 77.1 (41.4 – 112.8) pg/mL, respectively. There were no significant differences between serum and plasma means and upper and lower limits. Study means and upper IL-37 levels were significantly higher in Chinese population studies. From our analysis, a preliminary reference range for circulating IL-37 levels in healthy human adults has been established. In order to determine a reliable reference range for clinical application, large, prospective, multi-ethnic, healthy population studies are necessary. In addition, demographics, sample matrix, collection, processing and storage methods potentially affecting IL-37 detection levels should be thoroughly investigated

Interleukin-22 predicts severity and death in advanced liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study

Abstract Background Interleukin-22 (IL-22), recently identified as a crucial parameter of pathology in experimental liver damage, may determine survival in clinical end-stage liver disease. Systematic analysis of serum IL-22 in relation to morbidity and mortality of patients with advanced liver cirrhosis has not been performed so far. Methods This is a prospective cohort study including 120 liver cirrhosis patients and 40 healthy donors to analyze systemic levels of IL-22 in relation to survival and hepatic complications. Results A total of 71% of patients displayed liver cirrhosis-related complications at study inclusion. A total of 23% of the patients died during a mean follow-up of 196 ± 165 days. Systemic IL-22 was detectable in 74% of patients but only in 10% of healthy donors (P P = 0.006), hepatorenal syndrome (P P = 0.001). Patients with elevated IL-22 (>18 pg/ml, n = 57) showed significantly reduced survival compared to patients with regular (≤18 pg/ml) levels of IL-22 (321 days versus 526 days, P = 0.003). Other factors associated with reduced overall survival were high CRP (≥2.9 mg/dl, P = 0.005, hazard ratio (HR) 0.314, confidence interval (CI) (0.141 to 0.702)), elevated serum creatinine (P = 0.05, HR 0.453, CI (0.203 to 1.012)), presence of liver-related complications (P = 0.028, HR 0.258, CI (0.077 to 0.862)), model of end stage liver disease (MELD) score ≥20 (P = 0.017, HR 0.364, CI (0.159 to 0.835)) and age (P = 0.011, HR 0.955, CI (0.922 to 0.989)). Adjusted multivariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis identified elevated systemic IL-22 levels as independent predictors of reduced survival (P = 0.007, HR 0.218, CI (0.072 to 0.662)). Conclusions In patients with liver cirrhosis, elevated systemic IL-22 levels are predictive for reduced survival independently from age, liver-related complications, CRP, creatinine and the MELD score. Thus, processes that lead to a rise in systemic interleukin-22 may be relevant for prognosis of advanced liver cirrhosis.</p