Excited States of the Inactive and Active Forms of the Orange Carotenoid Protein

The orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a crucial player in the process of nonphotochemical quenching in a large number of cyanobacteria. This water-soluble protein binds one pigment only, the keto carotenoid 3′-hydroxyechinenone, and needs to be photoactivated by strong (blue-green) light in order to induce energy dissipation within or from the phycobilisome, the main light harvesting system of these organisms. We performed transient-absorption spectroscopy on OCP samples frozen in the inactive and active forms at 77 K. By making use of target analysis we determined the excited state properties of the active form. Our results show that OCP photoactivation modifies the carotenoid excited state energy landscape. More specifically the photoactivated OCP is characterized by one state with predominantly ICT character (ICT/S₁) and a lifetime of 2.3 ps, and another state with mainly S₁ character (S₁/ICT) with a lifetime of 7.6 ps. We also show that the kinetic model is fully consistent with the RT data obtained earlier (Berera et al., <i>J. Phys. Chem.</i> <i>B</i> <b>2012</b>, <i>116</i>, 2568–2574). We propose that this ICT/S₁ state acts as the quencher in the OCP mediated nonphotochemical quenching

The Photophysics of the Orange Carotenoid Protein, a Light-Powered Molecular Switch

To cope with the deleterious effects of excess illumination, photosynthetic organisms have developed photoprotective mechanisms that dissipate the absorbed excess energy as heat from the antenna system. In cyanobacteria, a crucial step in the process is the activation, by blue-green light, of a soluble protein, known as orange carotenoid protein (OCP), which binds the carotenoid 3′-hydroxyechinenone as its only pigment. While the spectroscopic properties of the inactive form of OCP have been described, the nature of the excited states in the active form still awaits elucidation. We applied transient absorption spectroscopy to the dark and the light activated forms of OCP to study and compare the excited state dynamics of both forms. We show that excitation of the photoactivated OCP leads to the population of new carotenoid excited states. One of these states populated shortly after excitation is characterized by a very pronounced charge transfer character and a lifetime of about 0.6 ps. When the illuminated sample is exposed to a dark relaxation period, it responds to excitation as the original dark sample, showing that photoactivation and decay of the photoactivated state are fully reversible. Thus OCP functions as a light-powered molecular switch that modulates its spectroscopic properties as a response to specific changes in light environment. We discuss the importance of this switch in cyanobacteria photoprotection and propose a mechanism wherein the red state of OCP echinenone acts as an energy dissipator via its charge transfer state