COPYRIGHT LAW—UNFAIR USE: UNIONIZING CONTENT CREATORS THROUGH LEGISLATION TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF MASS DIGITIZATION

Mass digitization is the way of the future. Universities, businesses, and private collectors are taking entire libraries, scanning them onto computers, and making searchable documents. This makes out-of-print works accessible to brand-new audiences, gives researchers new tools for studying language usage over time, and allows passages from books to be found in search engine results. Google and the Authors Guild just finished a decade-long court battle in the Second Circuit over whether Google’s “Google Books” project—an undertaking which has mass digitized thirty million books to date without getting prior permission from individual authors—is a legally permissible endeavor. Google won. But that’s not the end of this story. The Second Circuit determined that Google Books was permissible under the fair use doctrine, but this decision did not and cannot adequately serve as the final authority on mass digitization projects. This decision disrespects the needs of authors, which in turn disrespects the needs of the public. Congressional legislation must be enacted to regulate mass digitization. It is the only way we can ensure that authors, mass digitizers, and the public alike have their interests represented. This Note argues that Congress should pass legislation utilizing a framework already formulated by the Copyright Office. Legislation would create Copyright Management Organizations, which would negotiate directly with mass digitizers on behalf of individual copyright holders for licensing fees to use their works. Congressional action would warm the frosty climate that stifles digitization efforts. This Note proves this assertion by examining the success of similar schemes both domestically and internationally, in both the public and private sectors

Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade.

The genomes of cancers deficient in mismatch repair contain exceptionally high numbers of somatic mutations. In a proof-of-concept study, we previously showed that colorectal cancers with mismatch repair deficiency were sensitive to immune checkpoint blockade with antibodies to programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1). We have now expanded this study to evaluate the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in patients with advanced mismatch repair-deficient cancers across 12 different tumor types. Objective radiographic responses were observed in 53% of patients, and complete responses were achieved in 21% of patients. Responses were durable, with median progression-free survival and overall survival still not reached. Functional analysis in a responding patient demonstrated rapid in vivo expansion of neoantigen-specific T cell clones that were reactive to mutant neopeptides found in the tumor. These data support the hypothesis that the large proportion of mutant neoantigens in mismatch repair-deficient cancers make them sensitive to immune checkpoint blockade, regardless of the cancers\u27 tissue of origin

Untersuchungen der Zink-Diffusion und Defekterzeugung in Galliumarsenid

Mikrostruktur erfolgte mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie an Probenquerschnitten, und die Zn-Konzentrationsprofile wurden durch Ausbreitungswiderstandsmessung oder mit der Elektronenstrahlmikrosonde bestimmt. Die Untersuchungen ergeben eine Korrelation der Defektstruktur mit den Profilenunter allen Diffusionsbedingungen und erlauben die Interpretation der Unterschiede zwischen den mit den beiden Methoden gemessenen Profilen. Es wird gezeigt,daß die Zn$_{1}$ und A$_{s_4}$-Partialdrücke bei Diffusionstemperatur eine wichtige Rolle bei der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Defektstruktur spielen. Die unter As-armen und As-reichen Bedingungen auftretenden unterschiedlichen Profilformen werden auf eine Beeinflussung der Zn-Diffusion durch Wechselwirkung mit den Kristalldefekten zurückgeführt. Die Profile lassen sich quantitativ gut anpassen, unter der Annahme, daß die Eigenfehlstellenkonzentrationen in bestimmten Tiefenzonenmittels der Defekte nahe bei den thermischen Gleichgewichtswerten gehalten werden. Im einzelnen führen die Untersuchungen zu folgenden wichtigen Ergebnissen und Schlußfolgerungen. $\bullet$ Die Defektbildung verläuft unabhängig von der Diffusionsquelle und der Diffusionstemperatur, wobei schon nach kurzen Diffusionszeiten (t< 1 min) als erste Defekte in einer 10 - 15 $\mu$m Zone vor der Diffusionsfront vollständige Versetzungsringe vom Zwischengitteratom-Typ gebildet werden. Die Versetzungsringe wachsen und reagieren hinter der Diffusionsfront zu einem Versetzungsnetzwerk. Während des Ringwachstumswerden Hohlräume gebildet, die vollständig mit Ga aufgefüllt werden. Die Untersuchungen werden bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt, wofür amorphe Ga-Ausscheidungen in Hohlräumen beobachtet werden. Aufgrund des niedrigen Schmelzpunkts von Ga (T$_{m}$ = 303 K) ist jedoch anzunehmen, daß bei Diffusionstemperatur Ga-reiche Schmelzen in Hohlräumen vorliegen. Die Defektbildung läßt sich als Folge einer Übersättigung an Ga-Zwischengitteratomen (IGa) erklären, die dadurch hervorgerufen wird, daßpro Zeiteinheit mehr I$_{Ga}$ durch den Einbau von Zn auf Ga-Plätze (Kick-OutMechanismus) erzeugt werden, als durch Ausdiffusion zur Substratoberfläche abgebaut werden. Der primäre Prozeß der Versetzungsbildung verbraucht I$_{Ga}$, erzeugt jedoch As-Leerstellen (V$_{As}$), da die Versetzungsringe aus Ga- und AsAtomenbestehen. Durch die Bildung von Hohlräumen wird zum einen die resultierende V$_{As}$-Übersättigung abgebaut, zum anderen durch den Einbau von I$_{Ga}$ in die Hohlräume die I$_{Ga}$ Übersättigung weiter reduziert. Diese Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen sind in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Untersuchungen [22], wobei erstmals gezeigt wird, daß schon vor der Diffusionsfront des C$_{Zn}$ ($\chi$)-Profils als erste Defekte Versetzungsringe gebildet werden. [...

COPYRIGHT LAW—UNFAIR USE: UNIONIZING CONTENT CREATORS THROUGH LEGISLATION TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF MASS DIGITIZATION

Mass digitization is the way of the future. Universities, businesses, and private collectors are taking entire libraries, scanning them onto computers, and making searchable documents. This makes out-of-print works accessible to brand-new audiences, gives researchers new tools for studying language usage over time, and allows passages from books to be found in search engine results. Google and the Authors Guild just finished a decade-long court battle in the Second Circuit over whether Google’s “Google Books” project—an undertaking which has mass digitized thirty million books to date without getting prior permission from individual authors—is a legally permissible endeavor. Google won. But that’s not the end of this story. The Second Circuit determined that Google Books was permissible under the fair use doctrine, but this decision did not and cannot adequately serve as the final authority on mass digitization projects. This decision disrespects the needs of authors, which in turn disrespects the needs of the public. Congressional legislation must be enacted to regulate mass digitization. It is the only way we can ensure that authors, mass digitizers, and the public alike have their interests represented. This Note argues that Congress should pass legislation utilizing a framework already formulated by the Copyright Office. Legislation would create Copyright Management Organizations, which would negotiate directly with mass digitizers on behalf of individual copyright holders for licensing fees to use their works. Congressional action would warm the frosty climate that stifles digitization efforts. This Note proves this assertion by examining the success of similar schemes both domestically and internationally, in both the public and private sectors

Mathematical model of dynamic work conditions in the measuring chamber of an air gauge

The goal of the proposed computational model was to evaluate the dynamical properties of air gauges in order to exploit them in such industrial applications as in-process control, form deviation measurement, dynamical measurement. The model is based on Reynolds equations complemented by the k-&epsilon; turbulence model. The boundary conditions were set in different areas (axis of the chamber, side surfaces, inlet pipeline and outlet cross-section) as Dirichlet's and Neumann's ones. The TDMA method was applied and the efficiency of the calculations was increased due to the "line-by-line" procedure. The proposed model proved to be accurate and useful for non-stationary two-dimensional flow through the air gauge measuring chamber

Mathematical Model of Dynamic Work Conditions in the Measuring Chamber of an Air Gauge

The goal of the proposed computational model was to evaluate the dynamical properties of air gauges in order to exploit them in such industrial applications as in-process control, form deviation measurement, dynamical measurement. The model is based on Reynolds equations complemented by the k-&epsilon; turbulence model. The boundary conditions were set in different areas (axis of the chamber, side surfaces, inlet pipeline and outlet cross-section) as Dirichlet's and Neumann's ones. The TDMA method was applied and the efficiency of the calculations was increased due to the "line-by-line" procedure. The proposed model proved to be accurate and useful for non-stationary two-dimensional flow through the air gauge measuring chamber

Untersuchungen der Zink-Diffusion und Defekterzeugung in Galliumarsenid

The following topics were dealt with: diffusion in semiconducting materials; zinc diffusion experiments; characterization of diffusion-induced defect structures in GaAs (dislocations, Ga precipitation)Available from TIB Hannover: RA 831(3390) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman