O Papel do Agente de Execução na Acção Executiva

Orientação: José Lebre de FreitasCom o presente estudo, pretende-se dar uma perspectiva da profissão do agente de execução e do seu papel na acção executiva. Veremos como surgiu esta figura, a qual foi criada em Portugal com base no sistema francês, embora em França, o papel do “Huissier de Justice” seja mais reforçado do que no nosso País, sendo-lhe atribuídos mais poderes para a celeridade processual. Na verdade, tal situação foi prevista em Portugal desde 2003, com a publicação do Decreto-lei 38/2003 de 08 de Março, porém, volvidos quase dez anos, continuamos ainda a aguardar algumas promessas do Ministério da Justiça. Em Março de 2009, com a entrada em vigor do Decreto-Lei 226/2008 de 20 de Novembro foi desbloqueado o tão almejado acesso às bases de dados da administração fiscal porém, apenas para processos entrados após 31.03.2009. A nossa pergunta de partida é: Poderão os tribunais descongestionar a acção executiva sem dar mais poderes aos agentes de execução? O objectivo desta dissertação é defender que deveria ser dado mais poder aos agentes de execução, nomeadamente a consulta às bases de dados para todos os processos desde 2003, a abolição do despacho judicial para as penhoras bancárias, e ainda a adjudicação directa ao exequente na penhora de bens móveis face à inexistência de depósitos públicos e dificuldades na venda executiva destes bens. Só assim se conseguirá ter uma justiça mais célere, eficaz e justa.The present study aims to give an outlook of the profession of enforcement agent and of its role in the enforcement procedure. We will see how this figure was born, which was created in Portugal based on the French system, even though in France, the role of the “Huissier de Justice” is reinforced compared to what happens in our Country where the enforcement agent have less powers to speed up the enforcement procedure. The truth is that those powers were expected in Portugal in 2003, after the publication of Decree 38/2003 of 08 of March, however, after almost ten years, we still continue to wait the fulfillment of some promises by the Ministry of Justice. In March of 2009, with the entering into force of Decree 226/2008 of 20 of November it was unblocked the access to the databases of the tax administration, however only for procedures initiated after 31.03.2009. Our starting question: Is it possible to reduce the number of enforcement procedures without giving more powers to the enforcement agents? The objective of this thesis is to support that it should be given more power to the enforcement agents, namely the access to the databases for all the processes since 2003, the abolition of the judicial intervention for the seizure of banking accounts, and still the delivery of the mobile goods to the creditor in face of the inexistence of public deposits and of the difficulties related with the judicial sale of these goods

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly