Idiomatic equivalents in terms of metaphoric transfer

The article presents a hermeneutic approach to idiomatic equivalents in terms of metaphoric transfer. Metaphor is viewed by the authors in its broad sense that can be applied to any use of words in an indirect meaning. Hence, an idiom is understood as a verbalized metaphor that reflects both the universal and specific features of a given language. Idiomatic equivalence that traditionally refers to the linguistic properties of the idiom is presented in the article as hermeneutic equivalence based on the thinking activity approach. Within the framework of such approach the idiomatic equivalence highlights the transfer from one culture to another way of thinking and thinking activity organization

Documentary films translation: approaches and challenges

The article presents a comprehensive overview of different approaches to translating documentary audiovisual productions. The abundance of documentary films available at online platforms lead to a higher demand for their translation into different languages as the modern tradition in viewing audiovisual content online requires a variety of language choice and modes of translation presentation (subtitling, voice-over, accessibility means for people with auditory and visual challenges). Documentary productions present a separate group of films that can be further classified according to their production methods and the presentation styles. The specificity of each item of the detailed classification calls for an individualized approach to handling the process of translating these productions. Film terminology also requires special attention as it is one of the basic challenges of documentary productions translation

Audiovisual content analysis in the translation process

The article presents a comprehensive approach to the process of audiovisual translation that includes application of multimodal analysis of semiotic codes present in audiovisual productions. The article dwells on how the proposed approach can be applied to analyzing audiovisual productions for different types of audiovisual translation. Due to its multimodal nature, an audiovisual production is understood by the authors as an audiovisual text that combines image, sound and verbal means, that is, different modes conveying meaning. The means of conveying meaning in an audiovisual production include the visual non-verbal elements, visual verbal elements as well as audio non-verbal and verbal elements. The priority of these means of meaning transfer and their interaction in meaning generation differ significantly depending on the genre of audiovisual productions and the specifics of the process of its creation

Phenotypic Plasticity of Cancer Cells Based on Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Adhesive Structures

There is ample evidence that, instead of a binary switch, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer results in a flexible array of phenotypes, each one uniquely suited to a stage in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The phenotypic plasticity of epithelium-derived cancer cells gives them an edge in surviving and thriving in alien environments. This review describes in detail the actin cytoskeleton and E-cadherin-based adherens junction rearrangements that cancer cells need to implement in order to achieve the advantageous epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype and plasticity of migratory phenotypes that can arise from partial EMT

Transformed IAR-6-1 cells form E-cadherin-based AJs with underlying normal IAR-2 cells.

<p>GFP-E-cadherin-expressing IAR-6-1 cells were seeded onto the confluent monolayer of mKate2-expressing IAR-2 cells. (A-B) Immunofluorescent staining for GFP. (A) E-cadherin accumulates in dot-like adhesions at the leading edge and in prominent AJs encircling the IAR-6-1 cell. Left—green channel. Boxed region is enlarged. Arrowhead indicates dot-like adhesions. Right—green and red channels. Dotted line indicates the position of the Y-projection. Scale bar 10 μm. (B) Y-projection. Arrows mark lateral AJs between IAR-6-1 and IAR-2 cells. (C) Selected confocal slices from time lapse Z-stacks (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0133578#pone.0133578.s007" target="_blank">S4 Video</a>). The green channel is a “Z- projection” of all three slices in a confocal Z-stack, the red channel is the top slice. Asterisks indicate lateral AJs. Scale bar 10 μm. (D) A close-up view of the boxed region from (A). “Z-projection” of the green channel of the same video. At the leading edge of the IAR-6-1 cell, transient E-cadherin-based AJs are formed and quickly disassembled. Arrowheads mark spots where diffuse E-cadherin accumulates into dot-like adhesions, asterisks mark persisting E-cadherin dots, and arrows indicate disappearance of the dots. Scale bar 5 μm.</p

A Novel Role of E-Cadherin-Based Adherens Junctions in Neoplastic Cell Dissemination

<div><p>Using confocal microscopy, we analyzed the behavior of IAR-6-1, IAR1170, and IAR1162 transformed epithelial cells seeded onto the confluent monolayer of normal IAR-2 epithelial cells. Live-cell imaging of neoplastic cells stably expressing EGFP and of normal epithelial cells stably expressing mKate2 showed that transformed cells retaining expression of E-cadherin were able to migrate over the IAR-2 epithelial monolayer and invade the monolayer. Transformed IAR cells invaded the IAR-2 monolayer at the boundaries between normal cells. Studying interactions of IAR-6-1 transformed cells stably expressing GFP-E-cadherin with the IAR-2 epithelial monolayer, we found that IAR-6-1 cells established E-cadherin-based adhesions with normal epithelial cells: dot-like dynamic E-cadherin-based adhesions in protrusions and large adherens junctions at the cell sides and rear. A comparative study of a panel of transformed IAR cells that differ by their ability to form E-cadherin-based AJs, either through loss of E-cadherin expression or through expression of a dominant negative E-cadherin mutant, demonstrated that E-cadherin-based AJs are key mediators of the interactions between neoplastic and normal epithelial cells. IAR-6-1DNE cells expressing a dominant-negative mutant form of E-cadherin with the mutation in the first extracellular domain practically lost the ability to adhere to IAR-2 cells and invade the IAR-2 epithelial monolayer. The ability of cancer cells to form E-cadherin-based AJs with the surrounding normal epithelial cells may play an important role in driving cancer cell dissemination in the body.</p></div

Transformed IAR-6-1 epithelial cells migrate over the monolayer of normal IAR-2 epithelial cells.

<p>EGFP-expressing IAR-6-1 cells were seeded onto the confluent monolayer of mKate2-expressing IAR-2 cells. (A) A scheme of experimental design used in the present study: a glass bottom culture dish with a confluent IAR-2 monolayer (red) and transformed IAR cells (green) seeded sparsely onto the monolayer. (B) Selected frames from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0133578#pone.0133578.s005" target="_blank">S2 Video</a> with combined DIC and green channels. Asterisks indicate migration of an elongated fibroblast-like cell. Scale bar 40 μm. (C) Selected frames from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0133578#pone.0133578.s006" target="_blank">S3 Video</a> with combined red and green channels of the top confocal slices out of time lapse Z-stacks. A corresponding 450-min track (1 point/15 min) of the migrating IAR-6-1 cell is shown on Frame 6. Scale bar 20 μm.</p

Invasive behavior of transformed cell lines.

<p>(A) Dynamics of transepithelial migration of IAR-6-1 and IAR-6-1DNE cells. The diagram shows the percentage of transformed cells that invaded the IAR-2 monolayer and spread on the glass substrate below the monolayer to the number of seeded cells at various time points (mean ± SEM, n = 40). Transfection of a dominant-negative mutant of E-cadherin dramatically decreased the invasion of the epithelial monolayer by transformed cells. (B-D) A comparative study of the invasive behavior of a panel of transformed IAR cells in transepithelial migration assay. The diagrams show the percentage of transformed cells that invaded the IAR-2 monolayer and spread on the glass substrate to the number of seeded cells by 20 hours after seeding (mean ± SEM, n = 30). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis test, *—p‹0.001; **—p‹0.05). (B) IAR-6-1 and IAR-6-1DNE cells stably expressing a dominant-negative mutant of E-cadherin that abolished adhesive cadherin-based interactions. (C) Ras-transformed IAR1170 and IAR1162 clones. Cells that could form E-cadherin-based AJs (IAR1170-D11, IAR1170-F9, IAR1170-H5, IAR1162-D3E) were significantly more invasive than cells that could not (IAR1162-C4, IAR1162-D3, IAR1162-F4). (D) IAR1162-D3 cells and IAR1162-D3E cells stably expressing exogenous E-cadherin. (E) Effect of depletion of E-cadherin or N-cadherin by siRNA on transepithelial migration of IAR1170-F9 cells expressing both E- and N-cadherin.</p

Normal and transformed IAR epithelial cells.

<p>(A) Single IAR-2 epithelial cells are discoid, they form islands in sparse culture and a confluent monolayer in dense culture. Scale bar 10 μm. (B) E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression in normal and transformed IAR cells. (C) IAR-2 cells were stained for E-cadherin (green) and actin (red). Top row (1.25 μm above the substrate) shows AJs organized as adhesion belts encircling each cell and co-localizing with circumferential actin bundles in the apical parts of cells. Bottom row (substrate level) shows parts of adhesion belts and irregular distributions of actin. Scale bar 10 μm. (D) Transformed IAR-6-1 cells were stained for E-cadherin (green) and actin (red). In these cells, radial AJs were associated with thin actin bundles. Scale bar 10 μm.</p