Likelihood mapping of the Fsp (A) and H (B) datasets.

<p>The probabilities close to the triangle corners represent tree-like topologies (well-resolved). Those in the center and on the sides represent star-like (unresolved) and network-like signals (partially unresolved), respectively.</p

Inter- and intra-lineage amino acid divergences (p-distances).

<p>The upper values represent the divergence for Fsp; the lower values represent the divergence for the H protein. AS1, Asia 1; AS2, Asia 2; EU1/SA1, Europe 1/South America 1; EU2, Europe 2; EU3, Europe 3; NA1, North America 1; NA2, North America 2; SA2, South America 2.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of CDV isolates.

<p>Thirty-seven nucleotide sequences of the Fsp (left) and H (right) datasets were used. Maximum likelihood trees were constructed using the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano (G) substitution model for both datasets and were inferred through 500 replicates. Branch lengths are measured in the number of substitutions per site, as shown by the scale bars. Unrooted trees were depicted facing each other for comparison. AS1, Asia 1; AS2, Asia 2; EU1/SA1, Europe 1/South America 1; EU2, Europe 2; EU3, Europe 3; NA1, North America 1; NA2, North America 2; SA2, South America 2; Onder, Onderstepoort strain; Snyder, Snyder-Hill strain.</p

Geographic origins and number of specimens of the Pacific group used in this study.

*<p>Number of specimens of <i>R. pallescens</i> previously analyzed in Gómez-Palacio et al., 2012.</p

Reclassification analysis of individuals based on wing shape.

<p>Given group is the group assigned based on morphology/identification key, self and other species/lineage is group assigned based on discriminant factors of the wing shape analysis. Classification percent correspond to the percentage of individuals match between given and self group.</p

Morphometric analysis of male wings in <i>R. pallescens</i> lineages and <i>R. colombiensis</i>.

<p>The polygons represent the shape of wings projected on the first (x-axis) and second relative warp (y-axis), which were derived from a relative warp analysis. RW1 explains 40.6% of the variance while RW2 explains 12.5%. For easy visualization of populations the lines connect the most external individuals and filled color represents species/lineage: <i>R. colombiensis</i> in yellow; <i>R. pallescens</i> I in red and <i>R. pallescens</i> II in blue.</p

Additional file 1: of A novel real-time PCR assay for quantitative detection of Campylobacter fetus based on ribosomal sequences

Alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences from Campylobacter species obtained from the SILVA database, in FASTA format. (TXT 4882 kb

MANOVA and Hotelling pairwise comparisons based on shape variation.

<p>Mahalanobis distances are given above the diagonal and Hotelling p-values with Bonferroni correction values are given below the diagonal. Bold values indicate significant differences (p<0.001).</p

Pairwise K 2-p-based genetic distance (upper right) and cyt b (lower left) gene fragments.

<p>Pairwise K 2-p-based genetic distance (upper right) and cyt b (lower left) gene fragments.</p

Genetic, Cytogenetic and Morphological Trends in the Evolution of the <i>Rhodnius</i> (Triatominae: Rhodniini) Trans-Andean Group

<div><p>The <i>Rhodnius</i> Pacific group is composed of three species: <i>Rhodnius pallescens</i>, <i>R. colombiensis</i> and <i>R. ecuadoriensis,</i> which are considered important vectors of trypanosomes (<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> and <i>T. rangeli</i>) infecting humans. This group is considered as a recent <i>trans-Andean</i> lineage derived from the widespread distributed sister taxa <i>R. pictipes</i> during the later uplift of northern Andes mountain range. The widest spread species <i>R. pallescens</i> may be a complex of two divergent lineages with different chromosomal attributes and a particular biogeographical distribution across Central America and Colombia with several southern populations in Colombia occupying the same sylvatic habitat as its sister species <i>R. colombiensis.</i> Although the taxonomy of <i>Rhodnius</i> Pacific group has been well studied, the unresolved phylogenetic and systematic issues are the target of this paper. Here we explore the molecular phylogeography of this species group analyzing two mitochondrial (ND4 and cyt b) and one nuclear (D2 region of ribosomal 28S gene) gene sequences. The molecular analyses suggest an early divergence of the species <i>R. ecuadoriensis</i> and <i>R. colombiensis,</i> followed by a recent expansion of <i>R. pallescens</i> lineages. The phylogenetic relationship between sympatric <i>R. pallescens</i> Colombian lineage and <i>R. colombiensis</i> was further explored using wing morphometry, DNA genome size measurements, and by analyzing chromosomal behavior of hybrids progeny obtained from experimental crosses. Our results suggest that the diversification of the two <i>R. pallescens</i> lineages was mainly influenced by biogeographical events such as (i) the emergence of the Panama Isthmus, while the origin and divergence of <i>R. colombiensis</i> was associated with (ii) the development of particular genetic and chromosomal features that act as isolation mechanisms from its sister species <i>R. pallescens</i> (Colombian lineage). These findings provide new insights into the evolution of the <i>Rhodnius</i> Pacific group and the underlying biological processes that occurred during its divergence.</p></div