Organometallic Palladium Complexes with a Water-Soluble Iminophosphorane Ligand As Potential Anticancer Agents

The synthesis and characterization of a new water-soluble iminophosphorane ligand TPAN-C­(O)-2BrC₆H₄ (<b>1</b>, C,N-IM; TPA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) is reported. Oxidative addition of <b>1</b> to Pd₂(dba)₃ affords the orthopalladated dimer [Pd­(μ-Br)­{C₆H₄(C­(O)­NTPA-kC,N)-2}]₂ (<b>2</b>) as a mixture of <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> isomers (1:1 molar ratio) where the iminophosphorane moeity behaves as a C,N-pincer ligand. By addition of different neutral or monoanionic ligands to <b>2</b>, the bridging chlorides can be cleaved and a variety of hydrophilic or water-soluble mononuclear organometallic palladium­(II) complexes of the type [Pd­{C₆H₄(C­(O)­NTPA-kC,N)-2}­(L-L)] (L-L = acac (<b>3</b>); S₂CNMe₂ (<b>4</b>); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid disodium salt C₁₂H₆N₂(C₆H₄SO₃Na)₂ (<b>5</b>)), [Pd­{C₆H₄(C­(O)­NTPA-kC,N)-2}­(L)­Br] (L = P­(mC₆H₄SO₃Na)₃ (<b>6</b>); P­(3-pyridyl)₃ (<b>7</b>)), and [Pd­(C₆H₄(C­(O)­NTPA)-2}­(TPA)₂Br] (<b>8</b>) are obtained as single isomers. All new complexes were tested as potential anticancer agents, and their cytotoxicity properties were evaluated <i>in vitro</i> against human Jurkat-T acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, normal T-lymphocytes (PBMC), and DU-145 human prostate cancer cells. Compounds [Pd­(μ-Br)­{C₆H₄(C­(O)­NTPA-kC,N)-2}]₂ (<b>2</b>) and [Pd­{C₆H₄(C­(O)­NTPA-kC,N)-2}­(acac)] (<b>3</b>) (which has been crystallographically characterized) display higher cytotoxicity against the above-mentioned cancer cell lines while being less toxic to normal T-lymphocytes (peripheral blood mononuclear cells: PBMC). In addition, <b>3</b> is very toxic to cisplatin-resistant Jurkat shBak, indicating a cell death pathway that may be different from that of cisplatin. The interaction of <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> with plasmid (pBR322) DNA is much weaker than that of cisplatin, pointing to an alternative biomolecular target for these cytotoxic compounds. All the compounds show an interaction with human serum albumin faster than that of cisplatin