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Simulation of premixed combustion with varying equivalence ratio in gas turbine combustor
RANS simulation of a gas turbine combustor with complex geometry is performed. The turbulence is modelled using a two-equation approach. The scalar mixing and combustion is modelled using a flamelet based approach for partially premixed combustion. In this approach transport equations to described scalar mixing and reacting fields and their statistical interactions are solved along with standard conservation equations. The boundary conditions are specified using measured values. The computed spatial variations of averaged temperature and dry mole fractions of various scalars, including CO and NOx, compared quite well with measured values. The results of this combustion model are compared to the eddy-dissipation-concept (EDC) model commonly used for gas turbine combustion calculation and this comparison showed that the results of partially premixed combustion model is improved considerably.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics via http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.B3551
Measurement of the c-axis optical reflectance of AFeAs (A=Ba, Sr) single crystals: Evidence of different mechanisms for the formation of two energy gaps
We present the c-axis optical reflectance measurement on single crystals of
BaFeAs and SrFeAs, the parent compounds of FeAs based
superconductors. Different from the ab-plane optical response where two
distinct energy gaps were observed in the SDW state, only the smaller energy
gap could be seen clearly for \textbf{E}c-axis. The very pronounced
energy gap structure seen at a higher energy scale for
\textbf{E}ab-plane is almost invisible. We propose a novel picture
for the band structure evolution across the SDW transition and suggest
different driving mechanisms for the formation of the two energy gaps.Comment: 4 page
PU(2) monopoles and links of top-level Seiberg-Witten moduli spaces
This is the first of two articles in which we give a proof - for a broad
class of four-manifolds - of Witten's conjecture that the Donaldson and
Seiberg-Witten series coincide, at least through terms of degree less than or
equal to c-2, where c is a linear combination of the Euler characteristic and
signature of the four-manifold. This article is a revision of sections 1-3 of
an earlier version of the article dg-ga/9712005, now split into two parts,
while a revision of sections 4-7 of that earlier version appears in a recently
updated dg-ga/9712005. In the present article, we construct virtual normal
bundles for the Seiberg-Witten strata of the moduli space of PU(2) monopoles
and compute their Chern classes.Comment: Journal fur die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, to appear; 64 page
Three dimensionality of band structure and a large residual quasiparticle population in BaKFeAs as revealed by the c-axis polarized optical measurement
We report on a c-axis polarized optical measurement on a
BaKFeAs single crystal. We find that the c-axis
optical response is significantly different from that of high-T cuprates.
The experiments reveal an anisotropic three-dimensional optical response with
the absence of the Josephson plasma edge in R() in the superconducting
state. Furthermore, different from the ab-plane optical response, a large
residual quasiparticle population down to was observed in
the c-axis polarized reflectance measurement. We elaborate that there exist
nodes for the superconducting gap in regions of the 3D Fermi surface that
contribute dominantly to the c-axis optical conductivity.Comment: 4 figure
Magnetothermoelectric transport in modulated and unmodulated graphene
We draw motivation from recent experimental studies and present a
comprehensive study of magnetothermoelectric transport in a graphene monolayer
within the linear response regime. We employ the modified Kubo formalism
developed for thermal transport in a magnetic field. Thermopower as well as
thermal conductivity as a function of the gate voltage of a graphene monolayer
in the presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to the graphene plane is
determined for low magnetic fields (~1 Tesla) as well as high fields (~8
Tesla). We include the effects of screened charged impurities on thermal
transport. We find good, qualitative as well as quantitative, agreement with
recent experimental work on the subject. In addition, in order to analyze the
effects of modulation, which can be induced by various means, on the thermal
transport in graphene, we evaluate the thermal transport coefficients for a
graphene monolayer subjected to a periodic electric modulation in a magnetic
field. The results are presented as a function of the magnetic field and the
gate voltage.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure
Dirac-Schr\"odinger equation for quark-antiquark bound states and derivation of its interaction kerne
The four-dimensional Dirac-Schr\"odinger equation satisfied by
quark-antiquark bound states is derived from Quantum Chromodynamics. Different
from the Bethe-Salpeter equation, the equation derived is a kind of first-order
differential equations of Schr\"odinger-type in the position space. Especially,
the interaction kernel in the equation is given by two different closed
expressions. One expression which contains only a few types of Green's
functions is derived with the aid of the equations of motion satisfied by some
kinds of Green's functions. Another expression which is represented in terms of
the quark, antiquark and gluon propagators and some kinds of proper vertices is
derived by means of the technique of irreducible decomposition of Green's
functions. The kernel derived not only can easily be calculated by the
perturbation method, but also provides a suitable basis for nonperturbative
investigations. Furthermore, it is shown that the four-dimensinal
Dirac-Schr\"odinger equation and its kernel can directly be reduced to rigorous
three-dimensional forms in the equal-time Lorentz frame and the
Dirac-Schr\"odinger equation can be reduced to an equivalent
Pauli-Schr\"odinger equation which is represented in the Pauli spinor space. To
show the applicability of the closed expressions derived and to demonstrate the
equivalence between the two different expressions of the kernel, the t-channel
and s-channel one gluon exchange kernels are chosen as an example to show how
they are derived from the closed expressions. In addition, the connection of
the Dirac-Schr\"odinger equation with the Bethe-Salpeter equation is discussed
Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease exacerbates atherosclerosis via a mannosidases-mediated complex-type conversion of SCAP N-glycans
Blood phosphate levels are linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Emerging studies indicate an involvement of hyperphosphatemia in CKD accelerated atherogenesis through disturbed cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we investigated a potential atherogenic role of high phosphate concentrations acting through aberrant activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) and cleavage-activating protein (SCAP)-SREBP2 signaling in patients with CKD, hyperphosphatemic apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice, and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Hyperphosphatemia correlated positively with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in Chinese patients with CKD and severe atheromatous lesions in the aortas of ApoE knockout mice. Mice arteries had elevated SCAP levels with aberrantly activated SCAP-SREBP2 signaling. Excess phosphate in vitro raised the activity of α-mannosidase, resulting in delayed SCAP degradation through promoting complex-type conversion of SCAP N-glycans. The retention of SCAP enhanced transactivation of SREBP2 and expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, boosting intracellular cholesterol synthesis. Elevated α-mannosidase II activity was also observed in the aortas of ApoE knockout mice and the radial arteries of patients with uremia and hyperphosphatemia. High phosphate concentration in vitro elevated α-mannosidase II activity in the Golgi, enhanced complex-type conversion of SCAP N-glycans, thereby upregulating intracellular cholesterol synthesis. Thus, our studies explain how hyperphosphatemia independently accelerates atherosclerosis in CKD
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