Comments on Background Independence and Gauge Redundancies

We describe the definition and the role background independence and the closely related notion of diffeomorphism invariance play in modern string theory. These important concepts are transformed by a new understanding of gauge redundancies and their implementation in non-perturbative quantum field theory and quantum gravity. This new understanding also suggests a new role for the so-called background-independent approaches to directly quantize the gravitational field. This article is intended for a general audience, and is based on a plenary talk given in the Loops 2007 conference in Morelia, Mexico.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Adv. Sci. Let

Hypermultiplet Moduli Space and Three Dimensional Gauge Theories

We establish a relation, conjectured recently by E. Witten, between the hypermultiplet moduli space in compactifications of the heterotic string on an A-D-E singularities, and the moduli spaces of three dimensional pure gauge theories with the corresponding A-D-E gauge groups. It is possible to add a bounded number of heterotic fivebranes sitting in the singularity, while (in leading order in $\alpha'$) keeping the heterotic string perturbative. The corresponding hypermultiplet moduli space is given by the moduli space of a three dimensional gauge theory with matter.Comment: 8 pages, LATE

Noncommutative Gauge Theory, Divergences and Closed Strings

We study the renormalization of non-commutative gauge theories with matter. As in the scalar field theory cases, there are logarithmic infrared divergences resulting from integrating out high momentum modes. In order to reproduce the correct infrared behaviour, the Wilsonian effective action has to include certain ''closed string`` modes with prescribed couplings. In the case of quiver gauge theories, realized in string theory on orbifolds, we identify the required modes with a set of twisted sector fields. These closed string modes have exactly the prescribed couplings to correct the Wilsonian effective action. This provides a concrete origin for the appearance of closed string modes in noncommutative field theories.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures, LATE

Analisis Partisipasi Anggota Koperasi Terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Shu Koperasi Pada Kpn Padanjakaya Kecamatan Marawola Tahun Buku 2002-2012

This study aims to determine the effect of the members participation on the cooperative net income, identify the rapid growth in cooperative net income and determine the contribution of their business unit for savings and loans on the net income of KPN Padanjakaya in Marawola District for fiscal year 2002-2012. This research is categorised as quantitative research through applying descriptive and quantitative analysis method at the same time. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the participation of the cooperative members on net income. This study was conducted in Marawola district with the object of research is the Civil Servants Cooperative Padanjakaya. This study was conducted in the year 2014 by analysing the cooperative net income for fiscal year 2002-2012. There are several method of analysis in this study include: 1) simple linear regression; 2) analysis of growth, and; 3) analysis of contributions. The results of this study concluded that: 1) The statistical tests results show that the p value sig.2-tailed)> 0.05 so that the Ha hypothesis is accepted with 95% confidence level. This mean that there is a statistically significant in the relationship between the variables of members participation and the cooperative net income. 2) The development of the rapid growth of cooperative net income in the period 2002-2012 have increased on average from year to year but the development have also decreased for certain years in period of survey . The higher members participation, the more higher benefits will be received by cooperative members. 3) The contribution of savings and loan services to the cooperative net income in the period 2002-2012 have increased on average but the contribution have also decreased for certain years in the period of study. The utilisation of credit services (savings and loans) will impact on the cooperative revenue / income, where most of the revenue was used to optimising the working capital for funding daily operations of cooperative

Near Hagedorn Dynamics of NS Fivebranes, or A New Universality Class of Coiled Strings

We analyze the thermodynamics of NS 5-branes as the temperature approaches the NS 5-branes' Hagedorn temperature, and conclude that the dynamics of ``Little String Theory'' is a new universality class of interacting strings. First we point out how to vary the temperature of the near extremal solution by taking into account $g_s$ corrections. The Hagedorn temperature is shown to be a limiting temperature for the theory. We then compare the thermodynamics to that of a toy model made of free strings and find basic discrepancies. This suggests a need for a new class of string interactions. We suggest that this new universality class is characterized by a strong attractive self-intersection interaction, which causes strings to be coiled. This model might also explain why ``Little String Theories'' exist in at most 5+1 dimensions.Comment: 37 pages, important signs in section 6.4 corrected, references adde

A Note on Six-Dimensional Gauge Theories

We study the new ``gauge'' theories in 5+1 dimensions, and their non-commutative generalizations. We argue that the $\theta$-term and the non-commutative torus parameters appear on an equal footing in the non-critical string theories which define the gauge theories. The use of these theories as a Matrix description of M-theory on $T^5$, as well as a closely related realization as 5-branes in type IIB string theory, proves useful in studying some of their properties.Comment: Minor changes, Final version to appear in Physics Letters