Serum GLP-1.

<p>A. Serum GLP-1 in mice. C. Fasting blood glucose. D. Fasting insulin. E. Serum leptin. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 12). * p<0.05 treated vs. control.</p

Body weight and adiposity.

<p>(A) Body weight of animals in response to treatment by SG and RS. (B) Body fat content as percentage of total weight. (C) Abdominal fat mass. (D) Body weight before treatment. (E) Blood glucose before treatment by SG and RG. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 9–10). * p<0.05 versus RS alone.</p

Body weight and adiposity in KO mice.

<p>A. Body weight of animals in response to SG and RS. B. Body fat content in percentage. C. Abdominal fat mass. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 12). * p<0.05 treated versus control.</p

Representative Western blots and group data depicting nuclear content of p65 active subunit of NF-κB and protein abundance of MCP-1, iNOS, COX-1, and COX-2 in the renal tissues of the normal control rats (n = 6) and CKD rats fed low fiber (n = 9) or high resistant starch supplemented diets (n = 9).

<p>Data are means ± SE. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 VS CTL group, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 VS CKD group.</p

Phenotype data in the control (CTL), and CKD rats fed low fiber starch diet (CKD), and resistant starch supplemented diet (CKD-RS) groups in rats.

<p>Phenotype data in the control (CTL), and CKD rats fed low fiber starch diet (CKD), and resistant starch supplemented diet (CKD-RS) groups in rats.</p

Representative Western blots and group data depicting protein abundances of claudin-1 and occludin in the ascending colons of the normal control rats (n = 6) and CKD rats fed low fiber (n = 9) or resistant starch supplemented diets (n = 9).

<p>Representative Western blots and group data depicting protein abundances of claudin-1 and occludin in the ascending colons of the normal control rats (n = 6) and CKD rats fed low fiber (n = 9) or resistant starch supplemented diets (n = 9).</p

Representative Western blots and group data depicting nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and protein abundances of its downstream gene products, CuZn-SOD, catalase, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the renal tissues of the normal control rats (n = 6) and CKD rats fed low fiber (n = 9) or resistant starch supplemented diets (n = 9).

<p>*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 VS CTL group, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 VS CKD group.</p

Representative photomicrographs of the PAS & H&E stained kidney sections in a normal control rat, a CKD rat fed low fiber, and a CKD rat fed high resistant starch diet [Magnification x10].

<p>The kidney tissue in the CKD animals exhibited significant tubulo-interstitial injury and fibrosis and heavy inflammatory cell infiltration which were significantly improved with high resistant starch diet (Upper panel). Bar graphs depicting tubulointerstitial injury scores in the study groups (Lower panel).</p

Representative Western blots and group data depicting the NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (NOX-4, gp91phox) and nitrotyrosine abundance in the renal tissues of the normal control rats (n = 6) and CKD rats fed low fiber (n = 9) or high resistant starch supplemented diets (n = 9).

<p>Data are means ± SE. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 VS CTL group, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 VS CKD group.</p