Non-ohmicity and energy relaxation in diffusive 2D metals

We analyze current-voltage characteristics taken on Au-doped indium-oxide films. By fitting a scaling function to the data, we extract the electron-phonon scattering rate as function of temperature, which yields a quadratic dependence of the electron-phonon scattering rate on temperature from 1K down to 0.28K. The origin of this enhanced electron-phonon scattering rate is ascribed to the mechanism proposed by Sergeev and Mitin.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

The characterization of epithelial and stromal subsets of candidate stem/progenitor cells in the human adult prostate.

OBJECTIVES: Questions regarding the cell source and mechanisms in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer are today still open for debate. Indeed, our knowledge regarding prostate cell regulation, self-renewal, and cytodifferentiation is presently rather limited. In this study, we investigated these processes in the normal adult human prostate. METHODS: Dynamic expression patterns in prostate stem/progenitor cells, intermediate/transit-amplifying cells, and cell lineages were immunohistochemically identified in an in situ explant renewal model of the human normal/benign adult prostate (n=6). RESULTS: Cells with a basal phenotype proliferated significantly in explant cultures, whereas luminal cells went into apoptosis. Results further show down-regulation in tissue cultures of the basal and hypothetical stem cell marker Bcl-2 in the majority of cells, except in rare putative epithelial stem cells. Investigation of established (AC133) and novel candidate prostate stem/progenitor markers, including the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase KIT and its ligand stem cell factor (SCF), showed that these rare epithelial cells are AC133(+)/CD133(low)/Bcl-2(high)/cytokeratin(+)/vimentin(-)/KIT(low)/SCF(low). In addition, we report on a stromal population that expresses the mesenchymal marker vimentin and that is AC133(-)/CD133(high)/Bcl-2(-)/cytokeratin(-)/KIT(high)/SCF(high). CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence for epithelial renewal in response to tissue culture and for basal and epithelial stem/progenitor cell recruitment leading to an expansion of an intermediate luminal precursor phenotype. Data further suggest that SCF regulates prostate epithelial stem/progenitor cells in an autocrine manner and that all or a subset of the identified novel stromal phenotype represents prostate stromal progenitor cells or interstitial pacemaker cells or both

CysLT₂R immunoreactivity vs. IFNα/βR1 and EGFR.

<p>CysLT₂R immunoreactivity vs. IFNα/βR1 and EGFR.</p

EGF induced activation of EGFR and snail in Int 407 cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Western blot of Int 407 cells showing phosphorylation of EGFR after EGF (100 ng/ml) treatment for 5 or 15 min. (<b>B</b>) Western blot of Int 407 cells showing phosphorylation of snail after EGF treatment (100 ng/ml) for 12–24 h. (<b>C</b>) Real-time PCR quantification of mRNA expression of CysLT₁R and CysLT₂R with and without EGF (100 ng/ml) treatment. The results are shown as means ± SD of at least three separate experiments; *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01 and ***, P<0.001.</p

There is an IRF-7 binding site and four E-boxes present in the <i>CysLT₂R</i> putative promoter region.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic visualization of the <i>CysLT₂R</i> promoter. Construct I contains the wildtype promoter region (1012 bp) and constructs II–V are various deletion constructs. Representative Western blots from three different experiments with the intestinal epithelial cell line Int 407 and the colon cancer cell lines Caco-2 and SW 480 were analyzed as follows. (<b>B</b>) The blot shows the levels of IFNαR1, and A431 cells were used as a negative control while HCT116 cells were used as a positive control. (<b>C</b>) The blot shows the levels of EGFR protein expression, A431 cells were used as a positive control and MCF7 cells were used as a negative control, and (<b>D</b>) the blot shows the levels of CysLT2R protein expression.</p

Representative IFNα/βR1 and EGFR staining in normal human colon tissue and colorectal adenocarcinomas.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Top row, shows the degree of IFNα/βR1 staining of carcinomas. Bottom row shows the degree of EGFR staining of carcinomas (+/− to +++, 10× objective). (<b>B</b>) Distribution of high (++, +++) and low (+/−, +) IFNα/βR1 staining intensities of tumors in Duke's A, B and C, and (<b>C</b>) of EGFR. Samples are assessed according to total IFNα/βR1 and EGFR staining. Statistics are based on tumors from 78 patients that were included in the array. (<b>D</b>) Representative pairs of control and tumor immunostaining from a Duke's C patient stained with IFNα/βR1, EGFR and CysLT₂R.</p