FACTORS AFFECTING VARIABILITY OF RESISTANCE IN GAROLE SHEEP NATURALLY INFECTED WITH HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS

Resistance status against natural infection to Haemonchus contortus as well as influence of season, sex, body weight, and haemoglobin type on resistance levels were evaluated in 309 numbers of Garole sheep. In adult Garole sheep, egg per gram(EPG) of faeces for Haemonchus contortus was varied from 300 to 1600, but overall EPG in Garole have been recorded as 829.96 ± 20.60. The effects of season, sex, and body weight and haemoglobin type on EPG were all found to be highly significant (P < 0.01). EPG count was highest during monsoon (986.27 ± 28.26), followed by summer (832.88 ± 28.26) and lowest during winter (670.74 ± 28.26) which indicated the existence of a seasonal variation of EPG. Rams had higher EPG (954.32 ± 57.93) than ewes (705.60 ± 45.79) which reflected that males appeared to be more susceptible to Haemonchus contortus infection compared to females. Animals with lower body weight (upto 10 kg) showed higher EPG (1017.20 ± 54.82), then the infection level decreased as body weight increased (886.79 ± 56.23 for 10 kg to 12 kg and 737.18 ± 50.29 for 12 kg to 14 kg) and lowest EPG was recorded in animals with above 14 kg body weight (678.68 ± 54.49). This study reveals Hb-BB type animals had higher EPG count (983.81 ± 18.22) in comparison to Hb-AB type animals (676.12 ± 33.96) indicating that Haemoglobin-A locus has some relation with resistance. From our study it can be concluded that resistant level of Garole sheep against Haemonchus contortus is influenced by some intrinsic factors like sex, body weight, and haemoglobin type of the sheep and also by extrinsic factor like season

VARIABILITY OF RESISTANCE TO NATURAL HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS INFECTION VIS-A-VIS HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN GAROLE SHEEP

A total 103 numbers of Garole sheep was evaluated to know the variability in resistant status against natural infection to Haemonchus contortus as well as variability in level of haematological and biochemical parameters. A significantly (P < 0.01) lower level of EPG, neutrophil and serum alkaline phosphatase enzyme, but significantly (P < 0.01) higher level of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, lymphocyte, serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin were recorded in resistant animals as compared to less susceptible and highly susceptible animals. Further a highly significant (P < 0.01) and negative relationship were observed for EPG with haemoglobin, PCV, TLC, lymphocyte, STP, SA and SG. Whereas a highly significant (P < 0.01) and positive relationship were observed for EPG with neutrophil count and SAP enzyme level. Significant variations as observed in the present study can be attributed to differences in FEC among the animals and these haematological as well as biochemical parameters can be used as a predictive marker for selection of H. contortus resistant Garole sheep in field condition in combating nematode infection which in turn results in efficient production

Beating no-go theorems by engineering defects in quantum spin models

There exist diverse no-go theorems, ranging from no-cloning to monogamies of quantum correlations and Bell inequality violations, which restrict the processing of information in the quantum world. In a multipartite scenario, monogamy of Bell inequality violation and exclusion principle of dense coding are such theorems, which impede the ability of the system to have quantum advantage between all its parts. In ordered spin systems, the twin restrictions of translation invariance and monogamy of quantum correlations, in general, enforce the bipartite states to be neither Bell inequality violating nor dense-codeable. We show that these quantum characteristics, viz. Bell inequality violation and dense-codeability, can be resurrected, and thereby the no-go theorems overcome, by having quenched disorder in the system parameters leading to quantum spin glass or quantum random field models. We show that the quantum characteristics are regained even though the quenched averaging keeps the disordered spin chains translationally invariant at the physically relevant level of observables. The results show that it is possible to conquer constraints imposed by quantum mechanics in ordered systems by introducing impurities.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, RevTeX 4.