Screenshot of dogs gazing at owner, from dog owner video submissions.

Screenshot of dogs gazing at owner, from dog owner video submissions.</p

Screenshot of video from dog owner.

Illustrates an expression that the owner perceives as “smiling”.</p

Screenshots of dogs sleeping in close proximity to their owners, from the dog owner video submissions.

Screenshots of dogs sleeping in close proximity to their owners, from the dog owner video submissions.</p

Visualisation of the themes identified through thematic analysis, with reference to data.

Photo credit: Original photo by Kyle Mackie on Unsplash, reprinted here under a CC BY license.</p

Images of two robots inspired by dogs, amongst other animals.

The MiRo-E Robotic Platform (Consequential Robotics) and AIBO (Sony). Image credits: Katie Riddoch (author; left image) and Jeremy Bishop via Unsplash (right image).</p

Screenshots of fetching behaviour, followed by independent play—taken from dog owner video submission.

Screenshots of fetching behaviour, followed by independent play—taken from dog owner video submission.</p

Lexington attachment to pets scale.

(PDF)</p

Prominent themes identified by coders 1 and 2.

(PDF)</p

Keywords identified within each theme.

(PDF)</p

Overview of key themes identified in the study, and related perceptions of dog behaviours.

Overview of key themes identified in the study, and related perceptions of dog behaviours.</p