The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey V. Second data release

In this data release from the ongoing LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey we present 120a 168 MHz images covering 27% of the northern sky. Our coverage is split into two regions centred at approximately 12h45m +44 30a and 1h00m +28 00a and spanning 4178 and 1457 square degrees respectively. The images were derived from 3451 h (7.6 PB) of LOFAR High Band Antenna data which were corrected for the direction-independent instrumental properties as well as direction-dependent ionospheric distortions during extensive, but fully automated, data processing. A catalogue of 4 396 228 radio sources is derived from our total intensity (Stokes I) maps, where the majority of these have never been detected at radio wavelengths before. At 6a resolution, our full bandwidth Stokes I continuum maps with a central frequency of 144 MHz have: a median rms sensitivity of 83 μJy beama 1; a flux density scale accuracy of approximately 10%; an astrometric accuracy of 0.2a; and we estimate the point-source completeness to be 90% at a peak brightness of 0.8 mJy beama 1. By creating three 16 MHz bandwidth images across the band we are able to measure the in-band spectral index of many sources, albeit with an error on the derived spectral index of > a ±a 0.2 which is a consequence of our flux-density scale accuracy and small fractional bandwidth. Our circular polarisation (Stokes V) 20a resolution 120a168 MHz continuum images have a median rms sensitivity of 95 μJy beama 1, and we estimate a Stokes I to Stokes V leakage of 0.056%. Our linear polarisation (Stokes Q and Stokes U) image cubes consist of 480a A a 97.6 kHz wide planes and have a median rms sensitivity per plane of 10.8 mJy beama 1 at 4a and 2.2 mJy beama 1 at 20a; we estimate the Stokes I to Stokes Q/U leakage to be approximately 0.2%. Here we characterise and publicly release our Stokes I, Q, U and V images in addition to the calibrated uv-data to facilitate the thorough scientific exploitation of this unique dataset

The clustering of massive galaxies at z similar to 1

We use the angular two-point correlation function to estimate the spatial correlation length of radio sources taken from the large-area 1.4 GHz NVSS radio survey. At the median survey redshift of z similar to 1, r(0) is found to be increasing with flux density. This is consistent with a scenario in which powerful (i.e. FRII) radio galaxies probe significantly more massive spatial structures than less powerful radio galaxies. The large spatial correlation length that we derive for FRIIs is remarkably close to that of extremely red objects (EROs). This implies that powerful radio galaxies and EROs trace equally massive structures at z similar to 1. Moreover, because powerful radio galaxies and EROs are both associated with luminous early-type galaxies we propose that they could be the same objects seen at different evolutionary stages. The correlation length of massive, luminous galaxies at z similar to 1 is comparable to that of bright ellipticals locally, suggesting that r(0) (comoving) of these massive galaxies has changed little from z similar to 1 to z approximate to 0. This is in excellent agreement with current ACDM hierarchical model predictions

The Mpc-scale radio source associated with the GPS galaxy B1144+352

Wetensch. publicatieFaculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappe