15 research outputs found
Flat Foot in Children
Ravno stopalo je stopalo s veÄom dodirnom povrÅ”inom s podlogom zbog smanjenje visine ili potpune odsutnosti medijalnog svoda.
Pedijatrijsko ravno stopalo se najÄeÅ”Äe dijeli na patoloÅ”ko, kruto ravno stopalo i fizioloÅ”ko, fleksibilno ravno stopalo.
PatoloÅ”ko spuÅ”teno stopalo pokazuje odreÄeni stupanj ukoÄenosti i znaÄajno ograniÄenje pokreta subtalarnog zgloba. Äesto uzrokuje poteÅ”koÄe i obiÄno zahtijeva konzerativno ili kiruÅ”ko lijeÄenje. FizioloÅ”ko fleksibilno ravno stopalo je pomiÄno i mekano, predstavlja viÅ”e kozmetiÄki nego funkcionalni problem. Ono Äini ā¼95% sluÄajeva ravnih stopala u djece i pretežno je asimptomatsko. U asimptomatskih pacijenata, nema dokaza koji bi poduprli preventivnu ulogu uložaka, ortoza ili operacija s ciljem odgaÄanja ili uklanjanja eventualnih buduÄih simptoma. Rano postavljanje uložaka, koji podržavaju svod stopala ne utjeÄe na njegovu visinu u kasnijoj dobi.
TeÅ”ki oblici fleksibilnog ravnog stopala tijekom vremena mogu izazivati bolove i funkcionalne probleme i tada zahtijevaju lijeÄenje.
OpÄenita preporuka za prevenciju ravnog stopala je podržavanje prirodnih obrazaca kretanja u dojenaÄkoj dobi koji Äe omoguÄiti pravilan razvoj svodova te hodanje bez obuÄe i reguliranje tjelesne težine.
UnatoÄ Å”irokoj rasprostranjenosti, u literaturu nema usuglaÅ”enih klasifikacija i smjernica za lijeÄenje djeÄjeg ravnog stopala te je potrebno provesti daljnja istraživanja sa ciljem postavljanja univerzalnih smjernica za klasifikaciju, dijagnozu, prevenciju i lijeÄenje ravnih stopala u djece.A flat foot is a foot with a larger contact area with the ground due to a reduction in height or the complete absence of a medial arch. Pediatric flat feet are most commonly divided into pathological, rigid flat feet and physiological, flexible flat feet. Pathologi-cally flat foot shows a certain degree of stiffness and significant limitation of movement of the subtalar joint. It often causes difficul-ties and usually requires treatment either conservatively or surgically. Physiologically flexible flat foot is movable and soft, and is more of a cosmetic than a functional problem. It accounts for ā¼95% of flat feet in children and is predominantly asymptomatic. In asymptomatic patients, there is no evidence to support the preventive role of insoles, orthoses, or surgery to delay or eliminate po-ssible future symptoms. Early placement of insoles, which support the arch of the foot does not affect its height at a later age. Severe forms of flexible flat feet can cause pain and functional problems over time and then require treatment. The general recommendation for the prevention of flat feet is to support natural patterns of movement in infancy that will allow proper development of the arches, walking without shoes and regulating body weight. Despite its wide distribution, there are no harmonized classifications and guide-lines for the treatment of childhood flat feet in the literature, and further research is needed to establish universal guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of flat feet in children
TRUDNOÄA ā NEISKORIÅ TENE PRILIKE ZA PREVENCIJU I INTERVENCIJU U PATRONAŽNOJ SLUŽBI
Attachment is a term used to describe a deep and lasting emotional relationship with another individual. It primarily designates emotion between a mother and her baby, but it is also inherent to life-long human behavior. It is characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness with caring people in stressful situations. The feeling of safety that is generated through the mother-child relationship is the foundation for basic trust or distrust in relationships, and also affects
childrenās expectations concerning how the environment will respond to their needs. Development of attachment is to a large extent determined by the motherās responsiveness to the childās needs, compatibility of the mother and her child, the childās temperament, the motherās recollections of her childhood, and the supporting community. Good functioning of families is of great importance to all family members, especially pregnant women. The health care system supports pregnant women through the visiting nurse service that is in charge of preventive measures. Of all health professionals, the community health nurse is the only one who, visiting the home and family environment of a pregnant woman, has complete insight into the possible occurrence of risk factors for the development of maternal and child disorders. With this intervention, we can act preventively in order to preserve physical, mental and social well-being. The aim of this study was to determine discrepancy in the number of anticipated and performed preventive nursing visits to pregnant women in Croatia. The situation was analyzed at county (regional) and national level. The authors used the information on the health care of pregnant women, puerperal women and infants up to 12 months of age published in the Croatian Health Statistics Yearbooks and in reports on the natural change in the population by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics between 1995 and 2018. Study results showed the rate of nursing visits to pregnant women and to infants up to 12 months of age, as well as the difference in the number of nursing visits in the Republic of Croatia over a period of 23 years. During the observed period, there was a signifi cant drop in the total number of childbirths, as well as in the number of nursing visits to pregnant women, and the trend has continued. During the observed period, a mean of 42.1% of women went through their pregnancy without a single nursing visit, which means that an opportunity to provide such a vulnerable group with an important segment of social and professional support was lost. The potential opened by drop in the number of pregnant women to increase the scope of nursing visits to at least once per pregnancy, after the 16th week of pregnancy, remained unused. The number of visits to newborns and women in the puerperal period was on the rise, while visits to infants were oscillating with a slight downward trend. In conclusion, the opportunity created by drop in the number of pregnancies was not utilized to improve the scope of community nurse visits to at least once in pregnancy after week 16. Community health nursing for pregnant women failed to reach the desired health care standard.PrivrženoÅ”Äu opisujemo duboku i trajnu emocionalnu vezu s drugom osobom. PrivrženoÅ”Äu se primarno opisuje emocionalna veza izmeÄu dojenÄeta i majke, iako je privrženost svojstvena cjeloživotnom ljudskom ponaÅ”anju. Obilježava ju tendencija traženja i održavanja bliskosti privrženim ljudima za vrijeme stresnih situacija. OsjeÄaj sigurnosti nastao iz odnosa majke i djeteta stvara osnovno povjerenje ili nepovjerenje u odnosima te odreÄuje vjerovanje djeteta o tome kako Äe okolina reagirati na njegove potrebe. U razvoju privrženosti važnu ulogu ima osjetljivost majke za potrebe djeteta, usklaÄenost majke i djeteta, temperament djeteta, majÄina sjeÄanja iz njezina djetinjstva kao i podržavajuÄa okolina. Zdravo obiteljsko funkcioniranje vrlo je važno svim Älanovima obitelji, osobito trudnicama. Zdravstveni sustav trudnicama pruža potporu kroz sustav preventivnih posjeta patronažne službe. Od svih zdravstvenih djelatnika patronažna sestra je jedina koja ulaskom u dom i obiteljsku sredinu trudnice ima cjelokupan uvid u moguÄu pojavu riziÄnih Äimbenika za razvoj poremeÄaja povezanosti majke i djeteta. Ovom intervencijom možemo preventivno djelovati u cilju oÄuvanja fi ziÄkog, psihiÄkog i socijalnog blagostanja. Cilj je bio utvrditi razlike u broju predviÄenih i ostvarenih preventivnih posjeta patronažne sestre trudnicama u Hrvatskoj. Analiza je napravljena po županijama Republike Hrvatske i na razini cijele Hrvatske. KoriÅ”teni su podatci o zdravstvenoj zaÅ”titi trudnica, babinjaÄa i djece do godinu dana života objavljeni u hrvatskim zdravstveno-statistiÄkim ljetopisima i izvjeÅ”Äu o prirodnom kretanju stanovniÅ”tva Državnog zavoda za statistiku u razdoblju od 1995. do 2018. godine. Prikazan je broj posjeta patronažne sestre trudnicama i djeci do godine dana života te razlika broja posjeta u Republici Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 23 godine. OÄevidan je znaÄajan pad broja živoroÄenih, ali isto tako i pad broja posjeta trudnicama, a tendencija pada se nastavlja. U promatranom razdoblju prosjeÄan broj trudnica (nakon 16. tjedna trudnoÄe) bez ijednog patronažnog posjeta je 42,5 %, a posljednjih godina taj postotak raste. Tako se propuÅ”ta prilika da se toj osjetljivoj skupini pruži makar taj segment socijalne i struÄne potpore i pomoÄi. Nije iskoriÅ”ten prostor nastao smanjenjem broja trudnica za poveÄanje obuhvata posjetom patronažne sestre makar jednom u trudnoÄi. Broj posjeta babinjaÄama i novoroÄenÄadi raste, dok broj posjeta trudnicama pada, pa je 2018. godine bez ijednog patronažnog posjeta bilo 62,1 % trudnica u Hrvatskoj. ZakljuÄuje se kako nije iskoriÅ”ten prostor nastao smanjenjem broja trudnica za poveÄanje obuhvata posjetom patronažne sestre makar jednom u trudnoÄi, a nakon 16. tjedna trudnoÄe. Patronažna zaÅ”tita trudnica nije dostigla predviÄeni standard zdravstvene zaÅ”tite
Prikaz sluÄaja kroniÄne Bellove pareze: koje su moguÄnosti rehabilitacije?
Bellās palsy, or idiopathic peripheral facial nerve palsy is a neurologic condition characterized by unilateral weakness of facial muscles. The evidence-based guidelines mostly consider the acute treatment of Bellās palsy. However, chronic cases of Bellās palsy are not supported by strong evidence regarding treatment options, except for a weak recommendation to utilize physical therapy. This case report has presented an application of a combination of physical therapy modalities (Mirror Book Therapy, High Intensity Laser Therapy, and Acupuncture) within 10 weeks, to treat a patient with long-term sequelae. This combination of therapies has resulted in a significant improvement in the level of recovery measured by facial grading scales. However, further research is necessary to provide stronger evidence regarding the benefits of this treatment option.Bellova pareza ili periferna idiopatska pareza facijalisa, neuroloÅ”ko je stanje koju karakterizira jednostrana slabost miÅ”iÄa lica. Smjernice za lijeÄenje su uglavnom utemeljene na dokazima o preporukama za lijeÄenje akutnih stadija Bellove pareze. MeÄutim, kroniÄni sluÄajevi Bellove pareze nisu potkrijepljeni dovoljno snažnim dokazima o moguÄnostima lijeÄenja, osim slabe preporuke u smjeru primjene terapijskih vježbi. Ovaj prikaz sluÄaja predstavlja primjenu kombinacije modaliteta fizikalne terapije (akupunktura, laser visokog intenziteta i terapija zrcalom) unutar 10 tjedana, za lijeÄenje bolesnika s dugotrajnim posljedicama Bellove pareze. Ova kombinacija terapija rezultirala je znaÄajnim poboljÅ”anjem razine oporavka mjerenog kliniÄkim ljestvicama. MeÄutim, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bi se pružili snažniji dokazi o prednostima ove kombinacije terapija
GUIDELINES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF NEWBORNS AND CHILDREN WITH BRACHIAL PLEXUS BIRTH INJURY
PoroÄajno oÅ”teÄenje pleksusa brahijalisa (POPB) je neuromotorna fl akcidna paraliza ruke uzrokovana ozljedom jednog ili viÅ”e korijenova pleksusa brahijalisa (PB) tijekom poroda. UoÄava se obiÄno ubrzo nakon poroda. Incidencija POBP je izmeÄu 0,5 i 4,4 na 1000 poroda. U veÄini sluÄajeva, oÅ”teÄenja brahijalnog pleksusa (OPB) su prolazna i dolazi do spontanog, potpunog oporavka funkcije u prvim tjednima života. Kod neke djece (20 do 30 %) slabost ruke zaostaje i dovodi do živÄano-miÅ”iÄne disfunkcije i trajnog invaliditeta. U literaturi postoje razlike u klasifi kaciji, dijagnozi i lijeÄenju ovog poremeÄaja. Variraju od autora do autora i zasnivaju se na razliÄitim studijama. ZajedniÄki cilj habilitacije je vratiti senzornu i motoriÄku kontrolu, održati i poveÄati opseg pokreta, poveÄati miÅ”iÄnu snagu, potaknuti bilateralnu funkcionalnu aktivnost i sprijeÄiti sekundarne komplikacije. Razlike nastaju u naÄinu ostvarivanja tih zadataka. Dva su osnovna oblika lijeÄenja OBP: konzervativno i kirurÅ”ko. Konzervativno lijeÄenje ukljuÄuje: intenzivnu kineziterapiju, koriÅ”tenje komplementarnih tehnika poput elektrostimulacije, termoterapije, hidrogimnastike, udlaga, injekcija botulin toksina, radne terapije. Rano konzervativno lijeÄenje je glavna opcija u lijeÄenju OBP. Pregledom literature smo primijetili da nema znanstvenih dokaza o nekim habilitacijskom tehnikama koje se koriste u konzervativnom lijeÄenju. Koriste se u brojnim centrima, iako njihova djelotvornost nije dokazana. KirurÅ”ko lijeÄenje OBP-a može biti primarno (neurokirurÅ”ko) i sekundarno (ortopedsko). Postoje razmimoilaženja u literaturi u pogledu potrebe neurokirurÅ”kog lijeÄenju OBP-a kao i o dobi kada ga provesti. Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je uÄiniti pregled literature o klasifi kaciji, dijagnostiÄkoj obradi i habilitaciji POPB-a te odgovoriti na pitanja s kojima se susreÄemo u svakodnevnom radu. Zbog neujednaÄenih stavova u literaturi, na osnovi dostupnih znanstvenih dokaza te osobnih kliniÄkih iskustava, izradili smo vlastite smjernice za klasifi kaciju, dijagnostiku, obradu i habilitaciju novoroÄenÄadi i djece s OPB-om. Älanovi Sekcije djeÄjih fi zijatara pri Hrvatskom druÅ”tvu za fi zikalnu i rehabilitacijsku medicinu na Kongresu fi zikalne i rehabilitacijske medicine u travnju 2022. u Å ibeniku usvojilii su ove smjernice (postupnik) za habilitaciju djece s poroÄajnim oÅ”teÄenjem pleksusa brahijalisa.Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) is a neuromotor fl accid paralysis caused by injury to one or more roots of the brachial plexus (BP) during childbirth. It is usually observed shortly after birth. The incidence of BPBP is between 0.5 to 4.4 per 1000 childbirths. Most cases of BPBP are transient and there is a spontaneous, complete recovery of function in the fi rst weeks of life. In some children (20% to 30%), arm weakness persists and leads to neuromuscular dysfunction and permanent disability. In the literature, there are still variations in the classifi cation, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. They vary from author to author and are based on different studies. The common guideline for habilitation is to restore sensory and motor control, maintain and increase the range of motion, increase muscle strength, encourage bilateral functional activity, and prevent secondary complications. Differences can be seen in the way these tasks are accomplished. There are two basic forms of BPBP treatment, conservative and surgical. Conservative treatment includes intensive kinesitherapy, use of complementary techniques such as electrostimulation, thermotherapy, hydrogymnastics, use of splints, botulinum toxin injections, occupational therapy, etc. Early conservative treatment is the main option in the treatment of BPBP. By reviewing the literature, we noticed that there is no scientifi c evidence for some habilitation techniques used in conservative treatment. They are used in many centers, although their effectiveness has not been proven. Surgical treatment can be primary (neurosurgical) and secondary (orthopedic). There are disagreements in the literature regarding the need for neurosurgical treatment of PBPB and, if decided upon, the age at which it should be performed. The purpose of this research was to review the literature with the aim of assessing the available information on the classifi cation, diagnosis and habilitation prognosis. Due to uneven attitudes in the literature, based on the available scientifi c evidence and personal clinical experiences, we have created our own guidelines for the classifi cation, diagnosis, treatment and habilitation of newborns and children with BPBP. Members of the Section of Pediatric Physiatrists at the Croatian Society for Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine adopted these guidelines (procedure) for the habilitation of children with brachial plexus birth injury at the Congress of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine in April 2022 in Å ibenik
Acquisition of gross motor milestones in (dis)proportional children with Down Syndrome
Pozadina istraživanja: Djeca s Down sindromom (DS) zaostaju za tipiÄnom djecom u
stjecanju razvojnih motoriÄkih prekretnica. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su: 1) utvrditi
vrijeme i vjerojatnosti rizika (OD ratio) usvajanja temeljnih motoriÄkih prekretnica s obzirom
na tip tjelesne (ne)proporcionalnosti utvrÄene na temelju CI i izraditi model za predviÄanje
razvoja grubih motoriÄkih prekretnica specifiÄnih za djecu s DS s obzirom na tip tjelesne
(ne)proporcionalnosti novoroÄenÄeta s DS utvrÄene na temelju CI.
Metode: U ovoj 20-godiŔnjoj prospektivnoj longitudinalnoj kohortnoj studiji pratili smo 47
djece s DS-om u dobi od 3 mjeseca do 5 godina od 2000 do 2020. god. NovoroÄenÄad smo
grupirali s obzirom na omjer opsega glave i poroÄajne težine težine (OG/PTx100) ili
cefalizacijski indeks (CI) u skupinu proporcionalne (CI<1Ā·1) i neproporcionalne (CIā„1Ā·1)
novoroÄenÄadi. U procjeni vremena usvajanja temeljnih motoriÄkih miljokaza u te djece
koristili smo modificiranu Minhensku skalu funkcionalne razvojne dijagnostike (MFDD).
Leveneovim test homogenosti procijenili smo diskriminativnu valjanost MFDD u procjeni
vremena stjecanja 28 motoriÄkih prekretnica u djece s proporcionalnim i neproporcionalnim
CI. Diskriminantna analiza koriÅ”tena je u procjeni toÄnosti razvrstavnja novoroÄenÄad s DSom u dvije iskupine novoroÄenÄadi s DS koji su imali CI<1.1 ili CIā„1.1. Linearna regresija
koriÅ”tena je za izradu linearnog modela predviÄanje vremena potrebnog za stjecanje
motoriÄkih prekretnica za obje skupine djece s DS.
Rezultati: Usporedom djece s proporcionalnim CI, djeca s neproporcionalnim CI kasnila su s
stjecanju temeljnih miljokaza u ležeÄem položaju za 2,81 mjeseci, stojeÄem položaju prije
hodanja za 1,29 mjeseci, i ležem položaju za 1,61 mjeseci. Objema skupinama bilo je
potrebno viÅ”e vremena za usvajanje prekretnica u stajaÄem položaju nakon stjecanja
samostalnog hoda, ali djeca s neproporcionalnim CI kasnije su usvojila te prekretnice (4,50
naspram 4,09 mjeseci, p<0,001).
ZakljuÄak: Djeca s neproporcionalnim CI usvojila su motoriÄke prekretnice prema
predvidljivom redoslijedu, ali sporije od onih s proporcionalnim CI. NaŔi rezultati podupiru
potrebu za klasificiranjem vremena kaÅ”njenja motoriÄkog razvoja u djece s DS-om s obzirom
na jedinstvenu funkcionalnu skupinu (proporcionalna vs. neproporcionalna djeca s DS), da bi
se izbjegla subjektivna procjena kliniÄara āmalo Äe kasnitiā.Background: Children with Down syndrome (DS) lag behind typical children in acquisition
of developmental milestones, which could differ depending on body proportionality.
We aimed to determine the difference in acquisition of developmental milestones in children
with DS with disproportionate CI compared to proportionate CI. We created a motor
development model that predicted milestone acquisition time.
Methods: In this 20-year prospective cohort study, 47 children with DS aged 3 months to 5
years followed up to 2020 were grouped according to the ratio of head circumference and
birth weight (HC/BW) or Cephalization Index (CI) into proportionate (CI<1.1) and
disproportionate (CIā„1.1). We used Leveneās test of homogeneity to determine the
discrimination of MFDD motor scales in determining motor milestone acquisition time (28
milestones) in children with proportionate and disproportionate CI. Discriminant analysis
was used in assessing the accuracy of classification of newborns with DS in two groups of
newborns with DS who had CI<1.1 or CIā„1.1. Linear regression was used to predict time to
milestone acquisition for both group newborns with DS.
Results: Compared to proportionate CI, children with disproportionate CI were delayed in
milestone acquisition in prone position by 2.81 months, standing before walking by 1.29
months, and supine position by 1.61 months. Both groups required more time to reach
standing after acquisition of independent walk, but children with disproportionate CI reached
those milestones later (4.50 vs. 4.09 months, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Children with disproportionate CI acquired milestones in a predictable order but
slower than those with proportionate CI. Our findings support the need to classify degree of
motor developmental delay in children with DS into unique functional groups (proportional
vs. disproportional) rather than clinicians' arbitrary description about the timing of
developmental delays in children with DS
Acquisition of gross motor milestones in (dis)proportional children with Down Syndrome
Pozadina istraživanja: Djeca s Down sindromom (DS) zaostaju za tipiÄnom djecom u
stjecanju razvojnih motoriÄkih prekretnica. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su: 1) utvrditi
vrijeme i vjerojatnosti rizika (OD ratio) usvajanja temeljnih motoriÄkih prekretnica s obzirom
na tip tjelesne (ne)proporcionalnosti utvrÄene na temelju CI i izraditi model za predviÄanje
razvoja grubih motoriÄkih prekretnica specifiÄnih za djecu s DS s obzirom na tip tjelesne
(ne)proporcionalnosti novoroÄenÄeta s DS utvrÄene na temelju CI.
Metode: U ovoj 20-godiŔnjoj prospektivnoj longitudinalnoj kohortnoj studiji pratili smo 47
djece s DS-om u dobi od 3 mjeseca do 5 godina od 2000 do 2020. god. NovoroÄenÄad smo
grupirali s obzirom na omjer opsega glave i poroÄajne težine težine (OG/PTx100) ili
cefalizacijski indeks (CI) u skupinu proporcionalne (CI<1Ā·1) i neproporcionalne (CIā„1Ā·1)
novoroÄenÄadi. U procjeni vremena usvajanja temeljnih motoriÄkih miljokaza u te djece
koristili smo modificiranu Minhensku skalu funkcionalne razvojne dijagnostike (MFDD).
Leveneovim test homogenosti procijenili smo diskriminativnu valjanost MFDD u procjeni
vremena stjecanja 28 motoriÄkih prekretnica u djece s proporcionalnim i neproporcionalnim
CI. Diskriminantna analiza koriÅ”tena je u procjeni toÄnosti razvrstavnja novoroÄenÄad s DSom u dvije iskupine novoroÄenÄadi s DS koji su imali CI<1.1 ili CIā„1.1. Linearna regresija
koriÅ”tena je za izradu linearnog modela predviÄanje vremena potrebnog za stjecanje
motoriÄkih prekretnica za obje skupine djece s DS.
Rezultati: Usporedom djece s proporcionalnim CI, djeca s neproporcionalnim CI kasnila su s
stjecanju temeljnih miljokaza u ležeÄem položaju za 2,81 mjeseci, stojeÄem položaju prije
hodanja za 1,29 mjeseci, i ležem položaju za 1,61 mjeseci. Objema skupinama bilo je
potrebno viÅ”e vremena za usvajanje prekretnica u stajaÄem položaju nakon stjecanja
samostalnog hoda, ali djeca s neproporcionalnim CI kasnije su usvojila te prekretnice (4,50
naspram 4,09 mjeseci, p<0,001).
ZakljuÄak: Djeca s neproporcionalnim CI usvojila su motoriÄke prekretnice prema
predvidljivom redoslijedu, ali sporije od onih s proporcionalnim CI. NaŔi rezultati podupiru
potrebu za klasificiranjem vremena kaÅ”njenja motoriÄkog razvoja u djece s DS-om s obzirom
na jedinstvenu funkcionalnu skupinu (proporcionalna vs. neproporcionalna djeca s DS), da bi
se izbjegla subjektivna procjena kliniÄara āmalo Äe kasnitiā.Background: Children with Down syndrome (DS) lag behind typical children in acquisition
of developmental milestones, which could differ depending on body proportionality.
We aimed to determine the difference in acquisition of developmental milestones in children
with DS with disproportionate CI compared to proportionate CI. We created a motor
development model that predicted milestone acquisition time.
Methods: In this 20-year prospective cohort study, 47 children with DS aged 3 months to 5
years followed up to 2020 were grouped according to the ratio of head circumference and
birth weight (HC/BW) or Cephalization Index (CI) into proportionate (CI<1.1) and
disproportionate (CIā„1.1). We used Leveneās test of homogeneity to determine the
discrimination of MFDD motor scales in determining motor milestone acquisition time (28
milestones) in children with proportionate and disproportionate CI. Discriminant analysis
was used in assessing the accuracy of classification of newborns with DS in two groups of
newborns with DS who had CI<1.1 or CIā„1.1. Linear regression was used to predict time to
milestone acquisition for both group newborns with DS.
Results: Compared to proportionate CI, children with disproportionate CI were delayed in
milestone acquisition in prone position by 2.81 months, standing before walking by 1.29
months, and supine position by 1.61 months. Both groups required more time to reach
standing after acquisition of independent walk, but children with disproportionate CI reached
those milestones later (4.50 vs. 4.09 months, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Children with disproportionate CI acquired milestones in a predictable order but
slower than those with proportionate CI. Our findings support the need to classify degree of
motor developmental delay in children with DS into unique functional groups (proportional
vs. disproportional) rather than clinicians' arbitrary description about the timing of
developmental delays in children with DS
Acquisition of gross motor milestones in (dis)proportional children with Down Syndrome
Pozadina istraživanja: Djeca s Down sindromom (DS) zaostaju za tipiÄnom djecom u
stjecanju razvojnih motoriÄkih prekretnica. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su: 1) utvrditi
vrijeme i vjerojatnosti rizika (OD ratio) usvajanja temeljnih motoriÄkih prekretnica s obzirom
na tip tjelesne (ne)proporcionalnosti utvrÄene na temelju CI i izraditi model za predviÄanje
razvoja grubih motoriÄkih prekretnica specifiÄnih za djecu s DS s obzirom na tip tjelesne
(ne)proporcionalnosti novoroÄenÄeta s DS utvrÄene na temelju CI.
Metode: U ovoj 20-godiŔnjoj prospektivnoj longitudinalnoj kohortnoj studiji pratili smo 47
djece s DS-om u dobi od 3 mjeseca do 5 godina od 2000 do 2020. god. NovoroÄenÄad smo
grupirali s obzirom na omjer opsega glave i poroÄajne težine težine (OG/PTx100) ili
cefalizacijski indeks (CI) u skupinu proporcionalne (CI<1Ā·1) i neproporcionalne (CIā„1Ā·1)
novoroÄenÄadi. U procjeni vremena usvajanja temeljnih motoriÄkih miljokaza u te djece
koristili smo modificiranu Minhensku skalu funkcionalne razvojne dijagnostike (MFDD).
Leveneovim test homogenosti procijenili smo diskriminativnu valjanost MFDD u procjeni
vremena stjecanja 28 motoriÄkih prekretnica u djece s proporcionalnim i neproporcionalnim
CI. Diskriminantna analiza koriÅ”tena je u procjeni toÄnosti razvrstavnja novoroÄenÄad s DSom u dvije iskupine novoroÄenÄadi s DS koji su imali CI<1.1 ili CIā„1.1. Linearna regresija
koriÅ”tena je za izradu linearnog modela predviÄanje vremena potrebnog za stjecanje
motoriÄkih prekretnica za obje skupine djece s DS.
Rezultati: Usporedom djece s proporcionalnim CI, djeca s neproporcionalnim CI kasnila su s
stjecanju temeljnih miljokaza u ležeÄem položaju za 2,81 mjeseci, stojeÄem položaju prije
hodanja za 1,29 mjeseci, i ležem položaju za 1,61 mjeseci. Objema skupinama bilo je
potrebno viÅ”e vremena za usvajanje prekretnica u stajaÄem položaju nakon stjecanja
samostalnog hoda, ali djeca s neproporcionalnim CI kasnije su usvojila te prekretnice (4,50
naspram 4,09 mjeseci, p<0,001).
ZakljuÄak: Djeca s neproporcionalnim CI usvojila su motoriÄke prekretnice prema
predvidljivom redoslijedu, ali sporije od onih s proporcionalnim CI. NaŔi rezultati podupiru
potrebu za klasificiranjem vremena kaÅ”njenja motoriÄkog razvoja u djece s DS-om s obzirom
na jedinstvenu funkcionalnu skupinu (proporcionalna vs. neproporcionalna djeca s DS), da bi
se izbjegla subjektivna procjena kliniÄara āmalo Äe kasnitiā.Background: Children with Down syndrome (DS) lag behind typical children in acquisition
of developmental milestones, which could differ depending on body proportionality.
We aimed to determine the difference in acquisition of developmental milestones in children
with DS with disproportionate CI compared to proportionate CI. We created a motor
development model that predicted milestone acquisition time.
Methods: In this 20-year prospective cohort study, 47 children with DS aged 3 months to 5
years followed up to 2020 were grouped according to the ratio of head circumference and
birth weight (HC/BW) or Cephalization Index (CI) into proportionate (CI<1.1) and
disproportionate (CIā„1.1). We used Leveneās test of homogeneity to determine the
discrimination of MFDD motor scales in determining motor milestone acquisition time (28
milestones) in children with proportionate and disproportionate CI. Discriminant analysis
was used in assessing the accuracy of classification of newborns with DS in two groups of
newborns with DS who had CI<1.1 or CIā„1.1. Linear regression was used to predict time to
milestone acquisition for both group newborns with DS.
Results: Compared to proportionate CI, children with disproportionate CI were delayed in
milestone acquisition in prone position by 2.81 months, standing before walking by 1.29
months, and supine position by 1.61 months. Both groups required more time to reach
standing after acquisition of independent walk, but children with disproportionate CI reached
those milestones later (4.50 vs. 4.09 months, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Children with disproportionate CI acquired milestones in a predictable order but
slower than those with proportionate CI. Our findings support the need to classify degree of
motor developmental delay in children with DS into unique functional groups (proportional
vs. disproportional) rather than clinicians' arbitrary description about the timing of
developmental delays in children with DS
NEUROMOTOR DEVELOPMENT FROM BIRTH TO INDEPENDENT WALKING OF THE CHILD
NeuromotoriÄki razvoj progresivan je proces stjecanja motoriÄkih, psihiÄkih (kognitivni, jeziÄni, emocionalni) i socijalnih vjeÅ”tina. Predvidiv je i stupnjevit, slijedi odreÄenu pravilnost u kronoloÅ”kom pogledu. Normalni neuromotoriÄki razvoj ukljuÄuje dozvoljene vremenske raspone unutar kojih dijete stjeÄe odreÄene motoriÄke, psihiÄke i socijalne vjeÅ”tine. Miljokazi razvoja (kljuÄni dogaÄaji, kameni temeljci, milestones) oznaÄavaju vrijeme kada dijete treba neku vjeÅ”tinu uÄiniti. Najbolji su markeri razvojnih procesa kojima pratimo razvoj djece. NeuromotoriÄki razvoj djeteta nakon roÄenja pratimo kroz promatranje djeteta u leÄnom i potrbuÅ”nom položaju, u fazama vertikalizacije i
kretanja u prostoru. Odstupanje i kaÅ”njenje od urednog razvoja u djece najÄeÅ”Äe je posljedica oÅ”teÄenja mozga. Brojni prenatalni, perinatalni i postnatalni faktori rizika mogu izazvati oÅ”teÄenje mozga u razvoju. NeuroriziÄna djeca su ona koja su bila izložena faktorima rizika. Rani pokazatelji stanja nezrelog mozga su spontani pokreti fetusa koje zovemo āgeneral movementsā (GMs). Pojavljuju se u 9. tjednu trudnoÄe, a postepeno nestaju u dobi od 3. do 4. mjeseca starosti dojenÄeta kada prelaze u voljnu-svjesnu motoriku. U svakoj
dobi GMs se prezentiraju odreÄenom složenoÅ”Äu, raznolikoÅ”Äu i finoÄom prijelaza pokreta. Kvaliteta navedenih parametara klasificira GMs u normalne optimalne, normalne suboptimalne, blago abnormalne, jasno abnormalne pokrete. Svako dijete je jedinstveno na svoj naÄin i razvija se prema svom ritmu unutar fizioloÅ”kih okvira. Razlike u neuromotoriÄkom razvoju meÄu djecom prisutne su zbog genetskih, kulturoloÅ”kih, socijalnih, okolinskih i drugih Äimbenika. Poznavanje urednog rasta i razvoja djece preduvjet je pravovremenog prepoznavanja odstupanja i kaÅ”njenja od urednog neuromotoriÄkog razvoja.Neuromotor development is a progressive process of acquiring motor, psychological (cognitive, linguistic, emotional), and social skills. It is predictable, gradual, and follows a certain regularity in chronological terms. Normal neuromotor development includes permitted time spans within which the child acquires certain motor, psychological and social skills. Milestones of development (key events, cornerstones) mark the time when a child needs to acquire a certain skill. They are the best markers of developmental processes used for monitoring children\u27s development. Child\u27s neuromotor development is monitored after birth by observing the child in the supine and prone position, in the phases of verticalization and movement in space. Deviation and delay in proper child development are most often the result of brain damage. Numerous prenatal, perinatal and postnatal risk factors can cause damage to the developing brain. Neurorisk children are those who have been exposed to risk factors. Early indicators of the immature brain are the spontaneous movements of the fetus, which are called "general movements" (GMs). They appear in the 9th week of pregnancy and gradually disappear when the infant is 3 to 4 months old and then they switch to voluntary-conscious motor skills. At each age, GMs are presented with a certain complexity, variety, and finesse of movement transitions. The quality of the mentioned parameters classifies GMs into normal optimal, normal suboptimal, slightly abnormal, and clearly abnormal movements. Each child is unique in its own way and develops according to its own rhythm
within physiological frameworks. Differences in neuromotor development among children are present due to genetic, cultural, social, environmental, and other factors. The key to recognizing the deviations and delays from proper neuromotor development is knowing the proper growth and development of children