Characterization of the Phenolic acid compound identified in raw Bali via LC-MS/MS-QTOF targeted analysis (S2 Appendix).

Characterization of the Phenolic acid compound identified in raw Bali via LC-MS/MS-QTOF targeted analysis (S2 Appendix).</p

A 2,2-dichloropropionic acid-degrading novel <i>Pseudomonas fluorescence</i> strain fatsa001: isolation, identification, and characterization

There are mounting concerns over the high concentrations of non-biogenic, toxic halogenated organic compounds being liberated into the ecosystem. Therefore, this study’s isolation of a novel bacterium from a contaminated stream in Fatsa, Ordu, Turkey, adept in degrading 2,2-dichloropropionic (of 2,2-DCP) is a welcome endeavor. The ability of the bacterial isolate to utilize 2,2-DCP as the sole carbon and energy source was discovered when the bacterium was observed to grow well on liquid minimal media containing 20 mM of 2,2-DCP, showing a doubling time of 14.2 h. The following genetic and biochemical characterizations revealed that the 16S rRNA sequence of the fatsa001strain is identical (99%) to Pseudomonas fluorescence, after which the sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank as Pseudomonas sp. strain fatsa001 (MN098848). The halogen-degrading ability of the P. fluorescens fatsa001 bacterium was again confirmed by the PCR data, which showed the presence of a conserved group of amino acids from the group I dehalogenase gene. It worth mentioning here that this is the first report on a P. fluorescence bacterial strain with the ability to degrade toxic 2,2-DCP. The detoxification ability of this bacterium envisages its practicality as an in situ environmental bioremediation agent.</p

Raw Lombok (gold color) and raw Bali (slightly dark gold). Both were kept at room temperature (approximately 25°C) before analyses.

Raw Lombok (gold color) and raw Bali (slightly dark gold). Both were kept at room temperature (approximately 25°C) before analyses.</p

S1 Appendix -

Limited honey production worldwide leads to higher market prices, thus making it prone to adulteration. Therefore, regular physicochemical analysis is imperative for ensuring authenticity and safety. This study describes the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Apis cerana honey sourced from the islands of Lombok and Bali, showing their unique regional traits. A comparative analysis was conducted on honey samples from Lombok and Bali as well as honey variety from Malaysia. Moisture content was found slightly above 20% in raw honey samples from Lombok and Bali, adhering to the national standard (SNI 8664:2018) of not exceeding 22%. Both honey types displayed pH values within the acceptable range (3.40–6.10), ensuring favorable conditions for long-term storage. However, Lombok honey exhibited higher free acidity (78.5±2.14 meq/kg) than Bali honey (76.0±1.14 meq/kg), surpassing Codex Alimentarius recommendations (≤50 meq/kg). The ash content, reflective of inorganic mineral composition, was notably lower in Lombok (0.21±0.02 g/100) and Bali honey (0.14±0.01 g/100) compared to Tualang honey (1.3±0.02 g/100). Electric conductivity, indicative of mineral content, revealed Lombok and Bali honey with lower but comparable values than Tualang honey. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentrations in Lombok (14.4±0.11 mg/kg) and Bali (17.6±0.25 mg/kg) were slightly elevated compared to Tualang honey (6.4±0.11 mg/kg), suggesting potential processing-related changes. Sugar analysis revealed Lombok honey with the highest sucrose content (2.39±0.01g/100g) and Bali honey with the highest total sugar content (75.21±0.11 g/100g). Both honeys exhibited lower glucose than fructose content, aligning with Codex Alimentarius guidelines. The phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in Lombok and Bali honey compared to Tualang honey, suggesting potential health benefits. Further analysis by LC-MS/MS-QTOF targeted analysis identified various flavonoids/flavanols and polyphenolic/phenolic acid compounds in Lombok and Bali honey. The study marks the importance of characterizing the unique composition of honey from different regions, ensuring quality and authenticity in the honey industry.</div

Physicochemical analyses of raw Lombok and Bali honey compared to the published data on raw tualang honey from Sabah [17].

Physicochemical analyses of raw Lombok and Bali honey compared to the published data on raw tualang honey from Sabah [17].</p

Flavonoids and flavanol compounds were identified in raw Lombok honey using LC-MS/MS-QTOF (S1 Appendix).

Flavonoids and flavanol compounds were identified in raw Lombok honey using LC-MS/MS-QTOF (S1 Appendix).</p

Flavonoids and flavanol compounds were identified in raw Bali honey using LC-MS/MS-QTOF (S2 Appendix).

Flavonoids and flavanol compounds were identified in raw Bali honey using LC-MS/MS-QTOF (S2 Appendix).</p

Sugar content of honey samples from Lombok and Bali Islands in comparison to those reported in honey by Zae et al. [39]*.

Sugar content of honey samples from Lombok and Bali Islands in comparison to those reported in honey by Zae et al. [39]*.</p

Characterization of the Phenolic acid compound identified in raw Lombok via LC-MS/MS-QTOF targeted analysis (S1 Appendix).

Characterization of the Phenolic acid compound identified in raw Lombok via LC-MS/MS-QTOF targeted analysis (S1 Appendix).</p