Hybrid Optical Fiber Sensor And Artificial Neural Networks System For Bioethanol Quality Control And Productivity Enhancement

Bioethanol is produced by bio-chemical process that converts sugar or biomass feedstock into ethanol. After bio-chemical process, the solution is distilled under controlled conditions of pressure and temperature, in order to obtain an ethanol-water solution. However, the ethanol concentration analysis is generally performed off-line and, sometimes, a re-distillation process becomes necessary. In this research, an optical apparatus based on Fresnel reflection has been used in combination with artificial neural networks for determination of bioethanol concentration in hydro-alcoholic solution at any temperature. The volumetric concentration and temperature effect was investigated. This intelligent system can effectively detect and update in real-time the correction of distillation parameters to reduce losses of bioethanol and also to improve the quality in a production plant.7004Buggy, S.J., Murphy, R.P., James, S.W., Tatam, R.P., Cure monitoring of a UV cured epoxy resin using a long period grating Mach-Zehnder interferometer (2007) Proceedings of SPIE, 6619, pp. 66190VChehura, E., James, S.W., Tatam, R.P., Simultaneous, independent measurement of temperature and strain using a tilted fibre Bragg grating (2007) Proceedings of SPIE, 6619, pp. 66190IChong, J.H., Shum, P., Haryono, H., Yohana, A., Rao, M.K., Lu, C., Zhu, Y., Measurements of refractive index sensitivity using long-period grating refractometer (2004) Optics Communications, 229, pp. 65-69Su, H., Huang, X.G., Fresnel-reflection-based fiber sensor for on-line measurement of solute concentration in solutions (2007) Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 126 (2), pp. 579-582Meneghini, C., Caron, S., Proulx, A., Émond, F., Paradis, P., Paré, C., Fougères, A., Ethanol concentration measurement by Raman spectroscopy in liquid-core microstructured optical fiber (2007) Proceedings of SPIE, 6619, pp. 66191ULiang, W., Huang, Y., Xu, Y., Lee, R.K., Yariv, A., Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett, 86, p. 151122Kheshgi, H.S., Prince, R.C., Sequestration of fermentation CO2 from ethanol production (2005) Energy, 30, pp. 1865-1871Olsson, L., Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for ethanol production (1996) Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 18, pp. 312-331Natural Gas and Biofuel, ANP Resolution, (36 BRand 2005). , www.anp.gov, National Agency of PetroleumTakeishi, R.T., Gusken, E., de Souza, H.G.E., Meirelles, B.M., Suzuki, C.K., Study of the temperature effects in the alcohol-gasoline blend ratio determined by optical sensor (2007) 4th Brazilian Conference of R&D in Petroleum and Gas, , Proceedings, Campinas-SP, CD-RomBishop, C.M., (1995) Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, , Oxford: Oxford University PressChen, S., Billings, S.A., Neural networks for nonlinear dynamic system modelling and identification (1992) International Journal of Control, 56 (2), pp. 319-346Dempsey, G.L., Alt, N.L., Olson, B.A., Alig, J.S., Control sensor linearization using a microcontroller-based neuralnetwork (1997) IEEE Intern. Conf. on Computational Cybernetics and Simulation, 4 (12-15), pp. 3078-3083. , PPLin, T.K., Chang, K.C., Lin, Y.B., Active Control with Optical Fiber Sensors and Neural Networks. II: Experimental Verification (2006) Journal of Structural Engineering, 132 (8), pp. 1304-1313Lin, T.K., Chang, K.C., Chung, L.L., Lin, Y.B., Active Control with Optical Fiber Sensors and Neural Networks. I: Theoretical Analysis (2006) Journal of Structural Engineering, 132 (8), pp. 1293-1303Rumelhart, D.E., Hinton, G., Willians, R., Learning Representation by Back-Propagation Errors (1986) Parallel Distributed Processing, 323 (9), pp. 533-536Kolodner, P., Williams, H., Moe, C., Optical measurement of the soret coefficient of ethanol/water solutions (1988) J. Chem. Phys, 88 (10), pp. 6512-6524Pan, S., Saghir, M.Z., Kawaji, M., Jiang, C.G., Yan, Y., Theoretical approach to evaluate thermodiffusion in aqueous alkanol solutions (2007) J. of Chemical Physics, 126, p. 014502González-Salgado, D., Nezbeda, I., Excess properties of aqueous mixtures of methanol: Simulation versus experiment (2006) Fluid Phase Equilibria, 240 (2), pp. 161-166. , PPPandey, J.D., Vyas, V., Jain, P., Dubey, G.P., Tripathi, N., Dey, R., Speed of sound, viscosity and R.I. of multicomponent systems: Theoretical predictions from the properties of pure components (1999) J. of Mol. Liq, 81, pp. 123-133C. K.Suzuki, E. Gusken, A. C. Mercado, E. Fujiwara, E. Ono, Fiber Optics Sensing System For Liquid Fuels, INPI Patent, Prot. 018070050521, 200

Simulation Of The Azeotropic Distillation For Anhydrous Bioethanol Production: Study On The Formation Of A Second Liquid Phase

Bioethanol is produced from fermentation of sugars, what produces a dilute solution (around 10 wt% ethanol). Because water and ethanol form an azeotrope with concentration of 95.6 wt% ethanol at 1 arm, an alternative separation process such as azeotropic distillation must be employed to produce anhydrous bioethanol, which can be used in a mixture with gasoline. In this work, simulations of three different configurations of the azeotropic distillation process with cyclohexane for anhydrous bioethanol production were carried out using software Aspen Plus. Process parameters were optimized in order to decrease the formation of a second liquid phase inside the column. Ethanol and entrainer losses as well as energy demand were evaluated. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.27C11431148Higler, A., Chande, R., Taylor, R., Baur, R., Krishna, R., Nonequilibrium modeling of threephase distillation (2004) Computers and Chemical Engineering, 28, pp. 2021-2036Mortaheb, H., Kosuge, H., Simulation and optimization of heterogeneous azeotropic distillation process with a rate-based model (2004) Chemical Engineering and Processing, 43, pp. 317-32

Microbial Lipid Production: Screening With Yeasts Grown On Brazilian Molasses

Rhodotorula glutinis CCT 2182, Rhodosporidium toruloides CCT 0783, Rhodotorula minuta CCT 1751 and Lipomyces starkeyi DSM 70296 were evaluated for the conversion of sugars from Brazilian molasses into single-cell oil (SCO) feedstock for biodiesel. Pulsed fed-batch fermentations were performed in 1.65 l working volume bioreactors. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax), lipid productivity (Pr) and cellular lipid content were, respectively, 0.23 h−1, 0.41 g l−1 h−1, and 41 % for Rsp. toruloides; 0.20 h−1, 0.27 g l−1 h−1, and 36 % for Rta. glutinis; 0.115 h−1, 0.135 g l−1 h−1, and 27 % for Rta. minuta; and 0.11 h−1, 0.13 g l−1 h−1, and 32 % for L. starkeyi. Based on their microbial lipid productivity, content, and profile, Rsp. toruloides and Rta. glutinis are promising candidates for biodiesel production from Brazilian molasses. All the oils from the yeasts were similar to the composition of plant oils (rapeseed and soybean) and could be used as raw material for biofuels, as well as in food and nutraceutical products.361224332442Almazan, O., Klibansky, M., Otero, M.A., Microbial fat synthesis by Rhodorula Glutiinis from blackstrap molasses in continuous culture (1981) Biotechnol Lett, 3, pp. 663-666. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XosVSquw%3D%3DAnschau, A., Xavier, M.C.A., Hernalsteens, S., Franco, T.T., Effect of feeding strategies on lipid production by Lipomyces starkey (2014) Biores Technol, 157, pp. 214-222. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmslaisrc%3DBligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification (1959) Can J Biochem Physiol, 37, pp. 911-917. , PID: 13671378, COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaG1MXhtVSgt70%3DChatzifragkou, A., Fakas, S., Galiotou-Panayotou, M., Komaitis, M., Aggelis, G., Papanikolaou, S., Commercial sugars as substrates for lipid accumulation in Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina fungi (2010) Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 112, pp. 1048-1057. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFOhsr3ECuellar, M.C., Heijnen, J.J., Wielen, L.A.M.V.D., Large-scale production of diesel-like biofuels – process design as an inherent part of microorganism development (2013) Biotechnol J, 8, pp. 682-689. , PID: 23650260, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXntVaku74%3DDoran PM (1995) Bioprocess Engineering Principles. 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Academic Press, pp 129-163Fales, F.W., Evaluation of a spectrophotometric method for determination of total fecal lipid (1971) Clin Chem, 17, pp. 1103-1108. , PID: 5127367, COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaE38Xjt1ShtQ%3D%3DGranger, L.M., Perlot, P., Goma, G., Pareilleux, A., Kinetics of growth and fatty acid production of Rhodotorula glutinis (1992) Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 37, pp. 13-17. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XisFCjsr4%3DHaas, M.J., McAloon, A.J., Yee, W.C., Foglia, T.A., A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs (2006) Biores Technol, 97, pp. 667-678Hassan, M., Blanc, P.J., Granger, L.M., Pareilleux, A., Goma, G., Lipid production by an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of the oleaginous yeast Apiotrichum Curvatum grown in single stage continuous culture (1993) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 40, pp. 483-488. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktlehsL0%3DHugot, M., Manual da engenharia açucareira (1969) Cozimento, pp. 667-752. , Mestre Jou Publ Ltd, São Paulo:Jacob, Z., Krishnamurthy, M.N., Studies on physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of lipid produced by a strain of Rhodotorulla gracillis CFR-1 (1990) J Am Oil Chem Soc, 67, pp. 642-645. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmt1Olurk%3DJohnson, V.W., Singh, M., Saini, V.S., Adhikari, D.K., Sista, V., Yadav, N.K., Utilization of molasses for the production of fat by an oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis IIP-30 (1995) J Ind Microbiol, 14, pp. 1-4. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktFWqtbc%3DKoutinas, A.A., Chatzifragkou, A., Kopsahelis, N., Papanikolaou, S., Kookos, I.K., Design and techno-economic evaluation of microbial oil production as a renewable resource for biodiesel and oleochemical production (2014) Fuel, 116, pp. 566-577. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslKmtrnOLewis, T., Nichols, P.D., McMeekin, T.A., Evaluation of extraction methods for recovery of fatty acids from lipid producing microheterotrophs (2000) J Microbiol Methods, 43, pp. 107-116. , PID: 11121609, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXot1yju78%3DLi, Y., Zhao, Z., Bai, F., High density cultivation of oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Y4 in fed-batch culture (2007) Enz Microb Tech, 41, pp. 312-317Lopes, D.C., Neto, A.J.S., Martins, P.A.R., Economic simulation of biodiesel production: SIMB-E tool (2011) Energy Econ, 33, pp. 1138-1145Meade, G.P., Chen, J.C.P., (1977) Cane Sugar Handbook, , Wiley Publ Ltd, New York:Meesters, P., Vanderwal, H., Weusthuis, R., Eggink, G., Cultivation of the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus in a new reactor with improved mixing and mass transfer characteristics Surer®) (1996) Biotechnol Tech, 10, pp. 277-282. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XislCrsrY%3DMoser, B.R., Vaughn, S.F., Evaluation of alkyl esters from Camelina sativa oil as biodiesel and as blend components in ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel (2010) Biores Technol, 101, pp. 646-653. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1amu73IPan, J.G., Rhee, J.S., Kinetic and energetic analyses of lipid accumulation in batch culture of Rhodotorula glutinis (1986) J Ferment Technol, 64, pp. 557-560. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhtFyisr8%3DPradella, J.G.C., Contribuição ao estudo da cinética do crescimento celular e acumulo de lipídios por Rhodotorula gracilis (1980) PhD thesis, , University of Campinas, Campinas:Pradella, J.G.C., Ienczak, J.L., Delgado, C.R., Taciro, M.K., Carbon source pulsed feeding to attain high yield and high produtivity in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB) production from soybean oil using Cupriavidus necator (2012) Biotechnol Lett, 34, pp. 1003-1007. , PID: 22315097Ratledge, C., The role of malic enzyme as the provider of NADPH in oleaginous microorganisms: a reappraisal and unsolved problems (2014) Biotechnol Lett, 36, pp. 1557-1568. , PID: 24752812, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmsFaktr8%3DRein, P., Cane Sugar Engineering (2013) Molasses Exhaustion, pp. 455-465. , Bartens Publ Ltd, Berlin:Saka, S., Kusdiana, D., Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol (2001) Fuel, 80, pp. 225-231. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotVegsL4%3DSaxena, V., Sharma, C.D., Bhagat, S.D., Saini, V.S., Adhikari, D.K., Lipid and fatty acid biosynthesis by Rhodotorula minuta (1998) J Am Oil Chem Soc, 75, pp. 501-505. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXisFyqtbo%3DSuresh, Y., Das, U.N., Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and chemically induced diabetes mellitus: effect of ω-6 fatty acids (2003) Nutrition, 19, pp. 93-114. , PID: 12591540, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht1KltLc%3DUnião da Indústria de Cana de Açúcar. 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Evaluation Of Process Configurations For Second Generation Integrated With First Generation Bioethanol Production From Sugarcane

Since sugarcane bagasse and trash are used as fuels in conventional bioethanol production, the amount of surplus lignocellulosic material used as feedstock for bioethanol production depends on the energy consumption of the production processes. Residues from the second generation process (e.g., unreacted lignocellulosic material) may be used as fuels and increase the amount of surplus bagasse, along with improved technologies. Pentose fermentation to ethanol instead of biodigestion to produce biogas will lead to higher ethanol production, increasing energy consumption of the process and consequently, decreasing the amount of surplus lignocellulosic material available. In this study different configurations of the second generation ethanol production process (e.g. pretreatment with steam explosion coupled or not with delignification, pentose biodigestion or fermentation to ethanol, solids loading on hydrolysis), are evaluated in the integrated first and second generation ethanol production from sugarcane through simulation using Aspen Plus. The results show which process alternatives, potentially, may lead to higher ethanol production, pointing towards where research should be directed in order to provide important gains on ethanol production in the integrated process. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Improving Bioethanol Production - Comparison Between Extractive And Low Temperature Fermentation

One of the key issues that must be addressed in the biofuel production based on sugarcane industry is the energy consumption of the process. Process energy demand has direct impact on the amount of lignocellulosic material available for use as feedstock for second generation ethanol production. A significant fraction of the energy consumption in bioethanol production occurs in the purification step, since conventional fermentation systems employed in the industry require low substrate concentration and, consequently, produce wine of low (around 8.5 °GL) ethanol content that must be distilled in order to meet product specifications. In this study alternatives to the conventional fermentation processes employed in the industry (low temperature fermentation and vacuum extractive fermentation) were assessed, in the context of a large scale sugarcane autonomous distillery, through computer simulation. Electricity consumption and lignocellulosic material surplus on each case were evaluated. It is shown that the alternative fermentation processes allow a significant reduction on vinasse generation and increases ethanol production when compared with conventional fermentation, but increases electricity consumption (for the extractive fermentation) or steam consumption (for low temperature fermentation); when vinasse concentration is considered in the conventional process, steam consumption in the extractive fermentation is also significantly smaller. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.98548555Balat, M., Balat, H., Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel (2009) Appl Energy, 86, pp. 2273-2282Gauder, M., Graeff-Hönninger, S., Claupein, W., The impact of a growing bioethanol industry on food production in Brazil (2011) Appl Energy, 88, pp. 672-679Börjesson, P., Good or bad bioethanol from a greenhouse gas perspective - what determines this? (2009) Appl Energy, 86, pp. 589-594Yan, J., Lin, T., Biofuels in Asia (2009) Appl Energy, 86, pp. S1-S10Mussatto, S.I., Dragone, G., Guimarães, P.M.R., Silva, J.P.A., Carneiro, L.M., Roberto, I.C., Technological trends, global market, and challenges of bio-ethanol production (2010) Biotechnol Adv, 28, pp. 817-830Morandin, M., Toffolo, A., Lazzaretto, A., Maréchal, F., Ensinas, A.V., Nebra, S.A., Synthesis and parameter optimization of a combined sugar and ethanol production process integrated with a CHP system (2011) Energy, 36, pp. 3675-3690Alonso Pippo, W., Luengo, C.A., Alonsoamador Morales Alberteris, L., Garzone, P., Cornacchia, G., Energy recovery from sugarcane-trash in the light of 2nd generation biofuels. Part 1: Current situation and environmental aspects (2011) Waste Biomass Valor, 2, pp. 1-16García, C.A., Fuentes, A., Henneckec, A., Riegelhaupt, E., Manzini, F., Masera, O., Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances of sugarcane ethanol production in Mexico (2011) Appl Energy, 88, pp. 2088-2097Starfelt, F., Daianova, L., Yan, J., Thorin, E., Dotzauer, E., The impact of lignocellulosic ethanol yields in polygeneration with district heating - a case study (2012) Appl Energy, 92, pp. 791-799Pellegrini, L.F., Oliveira, S., Combined production of sugar, ethanol and electricity: thermoeconomic and environmental analysis and optimization (2011) Energy, 36, pp. 3704-3715Atala, D.I.P., Set-up, instrumentation, control and experimental development of an extractive fermentation process for ethanol production (2004), PhD Thesis. Campinas: School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (in Portuguese)Olivério, J.L., Barreira, S.T., Boscariol, F.C., César, A.R.P., Yamakawa, C.K., Alcoholic fermentation with temperature controlled by ecological absorption chiller-EcoChill (2010) Proc Int Soc Sugar Cane Technol, p. 27Phisalaphong, M., Srirattana, N., Tanthapanichakoon, W., Mathematical modeling to investigate temperature effect on kinetic parameters of ethanol fermentation (2006) Biochem Eng J, 28, pp. 36-43Seabra, J.E.A., Tao, L., Chum, H.L., Macedo, I.C., A techno-economic evaluation of the effects of centralized cellulosic ethanol and co-products refinery options with sugarcane mill clustering (2010) Biomass Bioenerg, 34, pp. 1065-1078Rivera, E.C., Costa, A.C., Atala, D.I.P., Maugeri, F., Wolf Maciel, M.R., Maciel Filho, R., Evaluation of optimization techniques for parameter estimation: application to ethanol fermentation considering the effect of temperature (2006) Process Biochem, 41, pp. 1682-1687Mariano, A.P., Costa, C.B.B., Angelis, D.F., Maugeri Filho, F., Atala, D.I.P., Wolf Maciel, M.R., Optimisation of a continuous flash fermentation for butanol production using the response surface methodology (2010) Chem Eng Res Des, 88, pp. 562-571Silva, F.L.H., Rodrigues, M.I., Maugeri, F., Dynamic modelling, simulation and optimization of an extractive continuous alcoholic fermentation process (1999) J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 74, pp. 176-182Maugeri Filho, F., Atala, D.I.P., Vacuum extractive fermentation process for ethanol production (in Portuguese) (2006), Patent PI 0500321-0 A. 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Improving Second Generation Ethanol Production Through Optimization Of First Generation Production Process From Sugarcane

Sugarcane bagasse and trash may be used as feedstock for second generation ethanol production. Production of second generation ethanol integrated with first generation plants processing sugarcane presents several advantages over the stand-alone second generation ethanol production process; however, bagasse is used as fuel to supply the energy demand of the first generation process, so the amount of bagasse and trash available for use as feedstock in second generation depends on the energy consumption of the integrated process. Therefore, process optimization leading to reduction in steam consumption will lead to the production of larger amounts of surplus bagasse. In this study the introduction of process improvements in the first generation autonomous distillery processing sugarcane were assessed through simulation using Aspen Plus. Second generation ethanol production was integrated to the optimized scenarios. Results show that process improvements can significantly increase the amount of lignocellulosic material available for use as feedstock for second generation ethanol production, thus increasing ethanol production. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.431246252Alvira, P., Tomás-Pejó, E., Ballesteros, M., Negro, M.J., Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: a review (2010) Bioresour Technol, 101, pp. 4851-4861Nigam, P.S., Singh, A., Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources (2011) Prog Energy Comb Sci, 37, pp. 52-68Costa, R.C., Sodré, J.R., Hydrous ethanol vs. gasoline-ethanol blend: engine performance and emissions (2010) Fuel, 89, pp. 287-293Cerqueira Leite, R.C.D., Verde Leal, M.R.L., Cortez, L., Griffin, W.M., Gaya Scandiffio, M.I., Can Brazil replace 5% of the 2025 gasoline world demand with ethanol? (2009) Energy, 34, pp. 655-661Kazi, F.K., Fortman, J.A., Anex, R.P., Hsu, D.D., Aden, A., Dutta, A., Techno-economic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol production from corn stover (2010) Fuel, 89, pp. S20-S28Ojeda, K., Sánchez, E., Kafarov, V., Sustainable ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass - application of exergy analysis (2011) Energy, 36, pp. 2119-2128Zhao, J., Xia, L., Ethanol production from corn stover hemicellulosic hydrolysate using immobilized recombinant yeast cells (2010) Biochem Eng J, 49, pp. 28-32Naik, S.N., Goud, V.V., Rout, P.K., Dalai, A.K., Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review (2010) Renew Sustainable Energy Rev, 15, pp. 578-597Alonso Pippo, W., Luengo, C.A., Alonsoamador Morales Alberteris, L., Garzone, P., Cornacchia, G., Energy recovery from sugarcane-trash in the light of 2nd generation biofuels. Part 1: current situation and environmental aspects (2011) Waste Biomass Valor, 2, pp. 1-16Silva, A.S., Inoue, H., Endo, T., Yano, S., Bon, E.P.S., Milling pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and straw for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation (2010) Bioresour Technol, 101, pp. 7402-7409Dias, M.O.S., Ensinas, A.V., Nebra, S.A., Maciel Filho, R., Rossell, C.E.V., Maciel, M.R.W., Production of bioethanol and other bio-based materials from sugarcane bagasse: integration to conventional bioethanol production process (2009) Chem Eng Res Des, 87, pp. 1206-1216Dias, M.O.S., Junqueira, T.L., Cavalett, O., Cunha, M.P., Jesus, C.D.F., Rossell, C.E.V., Integrated versus stand-alone second generation ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse and trash (2012) Bioresour Technol, 103, pp. 152-161Ensinas, A.V., Nebra, S.A., Lozano, M.A., Serra, L.M., Analysis of process steam demand reduction and electricity generation in sugar and ethanol production from sugarcane (2007) Energy Convers Manage, 48, pp. 2978-2987Ensinas, A.V., Modesto, M., Nebra, S.A., Serra, L., Reduction of irreversibility generation in sugar and ethanol production from sugarcane (2009) Energy, 34, pp. 680-688Seabra, J.E.A., Tao, L., Chum, H.L., Macedo, I.C., A techno-economic evaluation of the effects of centralized cellulosic ethanol and co-products refinery options with sugarcane mill clustering (2010) Biomass Bioenergy, 34, pp. 1065-1078Pellegrini, L.F., Oliveira Júnior, S., Burbano, J.C., Supercritical steam cycles and biomass integrated gasification combined cycles for sugarcane mills (2010) Energy, 35, pp. 1172-1180Dias, M.O.S., Cunha, M.P., Jesus, C.D.F., Rocha, G.J.M., Pradella, J.G.C., Rossell, C.E.V., Second generation ethanol in Brazil: can it compete with electricity production? (2011) Bioresour Technol, 102, pp. 8964-8971Felix, E., Tilley, D.R., Integrated energy, environmental and financial analysis of ethanol production from cellulosic switchgrass (2009) Energy, 34, pp. 410-436Čuček, L., Martín, M., Grossmann, I.E., Kravanja, Z., Energy, water and process technologies integration for the simultaneous production of ethanol and food from the entire corn plant (2011) Comp Chem Eng, 35, pp. 1547-1557Walter, A., Ensinas, A.V., Combined production of second-generation biofuels and electricity from sugarcane residues (2010) Energy, 35, pp. 874-879Martín, M., Grossmann, I.E., Energy optimization of bioethanol production via hydrolysis of switchgrass (2012) AIChE J, 58, pp. 1538-1549Martín, M., Grossmann, I.E., Energy optimization of bioethanol production via gasification of switchgrass (2011) AIChE J, 57, pp. 3408-3428Piccolo, C., Bezzo, F., A techno-economic comparison between two technologies for bioethanol production from lignocellulose (2009) Biomass Bioenergy, 33, pp. 478-491Dias, M.O.S., Modesto, M., Ensinas, A.V., Nebra, S.A., Maciel Filho, R., Rossell, C.E.V., Improving bioethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation, thermal integration and cogeneration systems (2011) Energy, 36, pp. 3691-3703Morandin, M., Toffolo, A., Lazzaretto, A., Maréchal, F., Ensinas, A.V., Nebra, S.A., Synthesis and parameter optimization of a combined sugar and ethanol production process integrated with a CHP system (2011) Energy, 36, pp. 3675-3690Pellegrini, L.F., Oliveira Júnior, S., Combined production of sugar, ethanol and electricity: thermoeconomic and environmental analysis and optimization (2011) Energy, 36, pp. 3704-3715Rocha, G.J.M., Gonçalves, A.R., Oliveira, B.R., Gómez, E.O., Rossell, C.E.V., Compositional variability of raw, steam-exploded and delignificated sugarcane bagasse (2010), http://www.nipeunicamp.org.br/agrener/anais/2010/14-12/12/63.pdf, In: Congresso Internacional sobre Geração Distribuída e Energia no Meio Rural (AGRENER GD). Available online at:Wooley, R.J., Putsche, V., (1996) Development of an ASPEN PLUS physical property database for biofuels components, , http://www.p2pays.org/ref/22/21210.pdf, Report no. NREL/MP-425-20685, NREL, Golden, Colorado, Available online at:Marabezi, K., Systematic study of the reactions in the determination of lignin and holocellulose content of sugarcane bagasse and trash samples (2008), MSc dissertation, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Carlos(in Portuguese)(2005) Biomass power generation - sugar cane bagasse and trash, , PNUD and CTC, Piracicaba, S.J. Hassuani, M.R.L.V. Leal, I.C. Macedo (Eds.)Karuppiah, R., Peschel, A., Grossmann, I.E., Martín, M., Martinson, W., Zullo, L., Energy optimization for the Design of corn-based ethanol plants (2008) AIChE J, 54, pp. 1499-1525Simo, M., Brown, C.J., Hlavacek, V., Simulation of pressure swing adsorption in fuel ethanol production process (2008) Comput Chem Eng, 32, pp. 1635-1649Somers, C., Mortazavi, A., Hwang, Y., Radermacher, R., Rodgers, P., Al-Hashimi, S., Modeling water/lithium bromide absorption chillers in ASPEN Plus (2011) Appl Energy, 88, pp. 4197-4205Rabelo, S.C., Carrere, H., Maciel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., Production of bioethanol, methane and heat from sugarcane bagasse in a biorefinery concept (2011) Bioresour Technol, 102, pp. 7887-789

Real-time Monitoring Of Fermentation Process Applied To Sugarcane Bioethanol Production

The application of a Fresnel-based fiber sensor on real-time monitoring of the fermentation process in bioethanol production is reported. The fiber was placed inside the bioreactor, and experiments were conducted by using glucose solution and sugarcane syrup as substrates for fermentation. When the sugar is completely consumed, there is no production of ethanol, causing the sample concentration to become constant, as well as the reflected light intensity. Therefore, the sensor can be used to predict the ideal moment to terminate the process. The results were confirmed by additional laboratory analysis, making this an alternative technology for optimization of bioethanol production. © 2012 SPIE.8421Goldemberg, J., Guardabassi, P., The potential for first generation ethanol production from sugarcane (2010) Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref., 4 (1), pp. 17-24Dias, M.O.S., Junqueira, T.L., Cavalett, O., Cunha, M.P., Jesus, C.D.F., Rossell, C.E.V., Filho, R.M., Bonomi, A., Integrated versus stand-alone second generation ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse and trash (2012) Bioresource Technol., 103 (1), pp. 152-161Leite, R.C.C., Leal, M.R.L.V., Cortez, L.A.B., Griffin, W.M., Scandiffio, M.I.G., Can Brazil replace 5% of the 2025 gasoline world demand with ethanol? (2009) Energy, 34 (5), pp. 655-661Rivera, E.C., Costa, A.C., Atala, D.I.P., Maugeri, F., Maciel, M.R.W., Filho, R.M., Evaluation of optimization techniques for parameter estimation: Application to ethanol fermentation considering the effect of temperature (2006) Process Biochem., 41 (7), pp. 1682-1687McNeil, B., Harvey, L.M., (2008) Practical Fermentation Technology, p. 388. , John Wiley & Sons, ChichesterVeale, E.L., Irudayaraj, J., Demirci, A., An on-line approach to monitor ethanol fermentation using FTIR spectroscopy (2007) Biotechnol. Prog., 23 (2), pp. 494-500Cavinato, A.G., Mayes, D.M., Ge, Z., Callis, J.B., Noninvasive method for monitoring ethanol in fermentation processes using fiber-optic near-infrared spectroscopy (1990) Anal. Chem., 62 (18), pp. 1977-1982Culshaw, B., Optical fiber sensor technologies: Opportunities and-perhaps-pitfalls (2004) J. Lightwave Technol., 22 (1), pp. 39-50Fujiwara, E., Ono, E., Manfrim, T.P., Santos, J.S., Suzuki, C.K., Measurement of sucrose and ethanol concentrations in process streams and effluents of sugarcane bioethanol industry by optical fiber sensor (2011) Proc. SPIE, 7753, pp. 77535ISaleh, B.E.A., Teich, M.C., Fundamentals of Photonics, pp. 193-237. , John Wiley and Sons, New Yor

Optimization Of Bioethanol Distillation Process Evaluation Of Different Configurations Of The Fermentation Process

Process simulation was used to analyze bioethanol distillation process, which requires a large amount of thermal energy. As it is shown in this study, in the ethanol production process the fermentation stage has a significant impact on energy consumption in the purification step. Thus, alternative configurations in the fermentation and distillation processes were proposed and evaluated. The results showed that vacuum extractive fermentation coupled with triple effect distillation presented the lowest energy demand among the studied configurations. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.27C18931898D.I.P. Atala, 2004, PhD Thesis, School of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, 2004Balat, M., Balat, H., Öz, C., Progress in bioethanol processing (2008) Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34, pp. 551-573Bui, S., Verykios, X., Mutharasan, R., Situ removal of ethanol from fermentation broths. 1. Selective adsorption characteristics (1985) Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev, 24 (4), pp. 1209-1213Franceschin, G., Zamboni, A., Bezzo, F., Bertucco, A., Ethanol from com: A technical and economical assessment based on different scenarios (2008) Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 86, pp. 488-498Macedo, I.C., Seabra, J.E.A., Silva, J.E.A.R., Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane (2008) Biomass and Bioenergy, 32 (7), pp. 582-595. , Brazil: The 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020Silva, F.L.H., Rodrigues, M.I., Maugeri, F., Dynamic modelling, simulation and optimization of an extractive continuous alcoholic fermentation process (1999) J Chem. Tech Biotech, 74, pp. 176-182Sobocan, G., Glavic, P., Optimization of ethanol fermentation process design (2000) Applied Thermal Engineering, 20 (6), pp. 529-543. , DOI 10.1016/S1359-4311(99)00042-

Simulation Of Integrated First And Second Generation Bioethanol Production From Sugarcane: Comparison Between Different Biomass Pretreatment Methods

Sugarcane bagasse is used as a fuel in conventional bioethanol production, providing heat and power for the plant; therefore, the amount of surplus bagasse available for use as raw material for second generation bioethanol production is related to the energy consumption of the bioethanol production process. Pentoses and lignin, byproducts of the second generation bioethanol production process, may be used as fuels, increasing the amount of surplus bagasse. In this work, simulations of the integrated bioethanol production process from sugarcane, surplus bagasse and trash were carried out. Selected pre-treatment methods followed, or not, by a delignification step were evaluated. The amount of lignocellulosic materials available for hydrolysis in each configuration was calculated assuming that 50% of sugarcane trash is recovered from the field. An economic risk analysis was carried out; the best results for the integrated first and second generation ethanol production process were obtained for steam explosion pretreatment, high solids loading for hydrolysis and 24-48 h hydrolysis. The second generation ethanol production process must be improved (e.g., decreasing required investment, improving yields and developing pentose fermentation to ethanol) in order for the integrated process to be more economically competitive. © 2010 Society for Industrial Microbiology.388955966Balat, M., Balat, H., Öz, C., Progress in bioethanol processing (2008) Prog Energy Combust Sci, 34, pp. 551-573. , 10.1016/j.pecs.2007.11.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXovVKktL4%3D(2010), http://www.mdic.gov.br.AccessedonMarch20,2010, Brasil Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade. Available fromCarrasco, C., Baudel, H.M., Sendelius, J., Modig, T., Roslander, C., Galbe, M., Hahn-Hägerdal, B., Lidén, G., SO 2-catalyzed steam pretreatment and fermentation of enzymatically hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse (2010) Enzyme Microb Technol, 46, pp. 64-73. , 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.10.016 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFGgs73Khttp://www.cepea.usp.br, CEPEA-Center for Advanced Studies on Applied Economics (2010) Available from Accessed February 20, 2010Chen, J.C.P., Chou, C.C., (1993) Cane Sugar Handbook: A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and Their Chemists, , Wiley LondonDemirbaş, A., Relationships between lignin contents and heating values of Biomass (2001) Energy Convers Manag, 42, pp. 183-188. , 10.1016/S0196-8904(00)00050-9Dias, M.O.S., Ensinas, A.V., Nebra, S.A., MacIel Filho, R., Rossell, C.E.V., MacIel, M.R.W., Production of bioethanol and other bio-based materials from sugarcane bagasse: Integration to conventional bioethanol production process (2009) Chem Eng Res des, 87, pp. 1206-1216. , 10.1016/j.cherd.2009.06.020 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1GjtrvIDias, M.O.S., Ensinas, A.V., Modesto, M., Nebra, S.A., MacIel Filho, R., Rossell, C.E.V., Energy efficiency in anhydrous bioethanol production from sugarcane. Part 1: Process simulation and thermal integration (2009) Proc ECOS, 2009, pp. 425-436Dias, M.O.S., MacIel Filho, R., Rossell, C.E.V., Efficient cooling of fermentation vats in ethanol production-Part 1 (2007) Sugar J, 70, pp. 11-17Dodić, S., Popov, S., Dodić, J., Ranković, J., Zavargo, Z., Mučibabić, R.J., Bioethanol production from thick juice as intermediate of sugar beet processing (2009) Biomass Bioenergy, 33, pp. 822-827. , 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.01.002Ensinas, A.V., Nebra, S.A., Lozano, M.A., Serra, L.M., Analysis of process steam demand reduction and electricity generation in sugar and ethanol production from sugarcane (2007) Energy Conversion and Management, 48 (11), pp. 2978-2987. , DOI 10.1016/j.enconman.2007.06.038, PII S0196890407002385, 19th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy SystemsFranceschin, G., Zamboni, A., Bezzo, F., Bertucco, A., Ethanol from corn: A technical and economical assessment based on different scenarios (2008) Chem Eng Res des, 86, pp. 488-498. , 10.1016/j.cherd.2008.01.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXms1ekurs%3DGarcia, D.R., (2009) Determination of Kinetics Data of the Pretreatment of Sugarcane Bagasse with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide and Subsequent Enzymatic Hydrolysis, , http://cutter.unicamp.br/document/?code=000442925, MSc Dissertation. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (in Portuguese). Available from Accessed March 29, 2010Goldemberg, J., Ethanol for a sustainable energy future (2007) Science, 315, pp. 808-810. , 17289989 10.1126/science.1137013 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVShsrY%3D(2005) Biomass Power Generation-sugarcane Bagasse and Trash, , S.J. Hassuani MRLV Leal I.C. Macedo (eds). CTC and PNUD PiracicabaHoch, P.M., Espinosa, J., Conceptual design and simulation tools applied to the evolutionary optimization of a bioethanol purification plant (2008) Ind Eng Chem Res, 47, pp. 7381-7389. , 10.1021/ie800450a 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVyrt7%2FEIntelligen, Inc. (2009) SuperPro Designer, v. 7.5(2010) JBEI Corn Stover to Ethanol Model, , http://www.econ.jbei.org, Available from Accessed March 29, 2010Kuo, C.-H., Lee, C.-K., Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide pretreatment (2009) Bioresour Technol, 100, pp. 866-871. , 18713663 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1Oktr7PLarson, E.D., Williams, R.H., Mrlv, L., A review of biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle technology and its application in sugarcane industries, with an analysis for Cuba (2001) Energy Sustain Dev, 5 (1), pp. 54-76. , 10.1016/S0973-0826(09)60021-1Maas, R.H.W., Bakker, R.R., Boersma, A.R., Bisschops, I., Pels, J.R., De Jong, E., Weusthuis, R.A., Reith, H., Pilot-scale conversion of lime-treated wheat straw into bioethanol: Quality assessment of bioethanol and valorization of side streams by anaerobic digestion and combustion (2008) Biotechnol Biofuels, 1, p. 14. , 10.1186/1754-6834-1-14 18699996 10.1186/1754-6834-1-14MacEdo, I.C., Seabra, J.E.A., Jear, S., Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: The 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020 (2008) Biomass Bioenergy, 32 (7), pp. 582-595. , 10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.12.006 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnt1OhtLw%3DMartin, C., Gonzalez, Y., Fernandez, T., Thomsen, A.B., Investigation of cellulose convertibility and ethanolic fermentation of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by wet oxidation and steam explosion (2006) Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 81 (10), pp. 1669-1677. , DOI 10.1002/jctb.1586Mesa, L., González, E., Ruiz, E., Romero, I., Cara, C., Felissia, F., Castro, E., Preliminary evaluation of organosolv pre-treatment of sugar cane bagasse for glucose production: Application of 2 3 experimental design (2010) Appl Energy, 87, pp. 109-114. , 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.07.016 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1amu7bPEnabling cost efficient enzymatic hydrolysis for biomass-to-ethanol conversion (2009) 7th Global Clean Technology Conference, , http://www.novozymes.com/en/MainStructure/Investor/ Events+and+presentations/Presentations, Novozymes, New York. Available from Accessed March 29, 2010Pandey, A., Soccol, C.R., Nigam, P., Soccol, V.T., Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. I: Sugarcane bagasse (2000) Bioresource Technology, 74 (1), pp. 69-80. , DOI 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00142-X, PII S096085249900142XPfeffer, M., Wukovits, W., Beckmann, G., Friedl, A., Analysis and decrease of the energy demand of bioethanol-production by process integration (2007) Applied Thermal Engineering, 27 (SPEC. ISS.16), pp. 2657-2664. , DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.04.018, PII S1359431107001780Rabelo, S.C., MacIel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., A comparison between lime and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse for ethanol production (2008) Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 148, pp. 45-58. , 18767207 10.1007/s12010-008-8200-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsFGktA%3D%3DRabelo, S.C., Garzón Fuentes, L.L., Garcia, D.R., MacIel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., (2009) Influence of Biomass Concentration Increase in the Pretreatment Stage of Sugarcane Bagasse in the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Profile, , XXV Congreso Colombiano de Ingeniería Química MedellínRao, K., Chelikani, S., Relue, P., Varanasi, S., A novel technique that enables efficient conduct of simultaneous isomerization and fermentation (SIF) of xylose (2008) Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 146, pp. 101-117. , 18421591 10.1007/s12010-007-8122-y 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptVGltA%3D%3DRosgaard, L., Pedersen, S., Meyer, A.S., Comparison of different pretreatment strategies for enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat and barley straw (2007) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 143 (3), pp. 284-296. , DOI 10.1007/s12010-007-8001-6Saxena, R.C., Adhikari, D.K., Goyal, H.B., Biomass-based energy fuel through biochemical routes: A review (2009) Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 13, pp. 167-178. , 10.1016/j.rser.2007.07.011Sánchez, Ó.J., Cardona, C.A., Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks (2008) Bioresour Technol, 99, pp. 5270-5295. , 18158236 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.013Seabra, J.E.A., Tao, L., Chum, H.L., MacEdo, I.C., A techno-economic evaluation of the effects of centralized cellulosic ethanol and co-products refinery options with sugarcane mill clustering (2010) Biomass Bioenergy, 34, pp. 1065-1078. , 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.01.042 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmvVWmtLg%3DSilverstein, R.A., Chen, Y., Sharma-Shivappa, R.R., Boyette, M.D., Osborne, J., A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks (2007) Bioresource Technology, 98 (16), pp. 3000-3011. , DOI 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.022, PII S0960852406005785Soccol, C.R., Bioethanol from lignocelluloses: Status and perspectives in Brazil (2009) Bioresour Technol, 101, pp. 4820-4825. , 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.067Srinivasan, S., The food v. fuel debate: A nuanced view of incentive structures (2009) Renewable Energy, 34, pp. 950-954. , 10.1016/j.renene.2008.08.015(2010), http://www.udop.com.br/index.php?item=cana, UDOP (Union of Biofuel Producers) Accessed February 20, 2010Walter, A., Ensinas, A.V., Combined production of second-generation biofuels and electricity from sugarcane residues (2010) Energy, 35, pp. 874-879. , 10.1016/j.energy.2009.07.032 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlymur0%3

Simulation And Multi-objective Optimization Of Vaccuum Ethanol Fermentation

With the overall objective of optimizing an integrated first and second generation bioethanol production plant, a simple illustrative example is first used to examine the advantages and challenges of using a combination of VBA and UniSim Design for multi-objective optimization. In this paper, the simulation and optimization of a vacuum fermentation system using glucose and xylose as substrates is performed. The simulation of the fermentation system and the optimization are performed in the VBA environment, while UniSim Design is used to provide thermodynamic data necessary to perform calculations and used to simulate the downstream portion of the fermentation vacuum system. The Pareto domain of the system was circumscribed based on three decision variables (starting time of vacuum, rate of broth removal by vacuum and condenser temperature) and four objective functions (minimum ethanol loss, maximum productivity, minimum residual sugars and minimum compression energy). The procedure developed has allowed to easily circumscribe the Pareto domain of this system and to observe clearly the compromises that are required when all objective functions are optimized simultaneously. Some challenges to overcome are the time required for exchanging information between VBA and UniSim Design and the risk of non-converging for complex problems. For this procedure to be implemented effectively for the integrated ethanol plant, some innovative measures need to be developed.7986Inst. Syst. Technol. Inf., Control Commun. 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IIPE453 (2010) Biofuels, 1 (5), pp. 697-704Jassal, D.S., Zhang, Z., Hill, G.A., In-situ extraction and purification of ethanol using commercial oleic acid (2009) Can. J. Chem. Eng., 72 (5), pp. 822-827Krissek, G., (2008) Future Opportunities and Challenges for Ethanol Production and Technology, , http://www.farmfoundation.org/news/articlefiles/378-Krissek%202-5-08.pdfLeksawasdi, N., Joachimsthal, E.L., Rogers, P.L., Mathematical modelling of ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures by recombinant Zymomonas mobilis (2001) Biotechnology Letters, 23, pp. 1087-1093Liu, H.S., Hsien-Wen, H., Analysis of gas stripping during ethanol fermentation - I. A continuous stirred tank reactor (1990) Chemical Engineering Science, 45 (5), pp. 1289-1299Mussatto, S.I., Dragone, G., Guimarães, P.M.R., Silva, J.P.A., Carneiro, L.M., Roberto, I.C., Vicente, A., Teixeira, J.A., (2010) Technological Trends, Global Market, and Challenges of Bio-ethanol ProductionNguyen, V.D., Kosuge, H., Auresenia, J., Tan, R., Brondial, Y., Effect of vacuum pressure on ethanol fermentation (2009) Journal of Applied Sciences, 9 (17), pp. 3020-3026(2009) Energy Sources, , http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/eneene/sources/pripri/aboapreng.php, March 24, Consulted August 5, Natural Resources Canada(2011) Personal: Transportation, , http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/infosource/pub/vehiclefuels/ethanol/ M92_257_2003.cfm, January 4, Consulted August 8, 2011.Natural Resources CanadaMargeot, A., Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Edlund, M., Slade, R., Monot, F., New improvements for lignocellulosic ethanol (2009) Curr. Opinions. Biotechnol., 20, pp. 372-380Park, C.H., Geng, Q., Simultaneous fermentation and separation in the ethanol and abe fermentation (1992) Separation and Purification Reviews, 21 (2), pp. 127-174Perrin, E., Mandrille, A., Oumoun, M., Fonteix, C., Marc, I., Optimization globale par stratégie d'évolution: Technique utilisant la Génétique des individus diploides (1997) RAIRO- Recherche Operationelle, 31, pp. 161-201Thibault, J., Net flow and rough sets: Two methods for ranking the pareto domain (2008) Chapter 7 - Multi-Objective Optimization: Techniques and Applications in Chemical Engineering, , G. Rangaiah (Ed.). World Scientific Publishing(2010) Annual Energy Review 2009, , www.eia.gov/aer, August. ConsultedAugust