Comparison of three molecular methods for the detection and speciation of and -0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Comparison of three molecular methods for the detection and speciation of and "</p><p>http://www.malariajournal.com/content/6/1/124</p><p>Malaria Journal 2007;6():124-124.</p><p>Published online 15 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2020467.</p><p></p>2% agarose at 100 v for 1 hour. B. (205-bp) and (120-bp) positive samples after 2round nested PCR, run on 2% agarose at 100 v for 1 hour. C. Real-time PCR melt curves of (74.5) and (78). Image provided by Optical Monitor Software v.3.1

Genetic diversity within the <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> Reticulocyte binding protein genes.

<p>Note: n = number of sequenced isolates; Size = size of the gene analyzed with the non-coding regions excluded; SNP (n) = number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; NS = non-synonymous substitutions; S = synonymous substitutions.</p

Chromosomal location of the <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> Reticulocyte Binding Protein genes.

<p>Chromosomal location of the <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> Reticulocyte Binding Protein genes.</p

Schematic representation of the <i>Pvrbp2d</i> (A) and <i>Pvrbp3</i> (B) genes.

<p>In each panel, the location of the fragments cloned is indicated below the gene model. Above the gene model, synonymous mutations are indicated by vertical bars below the horizontal bar that represents the gene, whereas non-synonymous mutations are place above this horizontal bar. SNPs that have been confirmed from two independent PCR amplifications are shown as solid lines, whereas those observed only once are represented by dotted lines. The nature and location of the confirmed SNPs are also provided in the tables, with the non-synonymous mutations highlighted in olive green. As these two genes are pseudogenes, the consequence of the SNP, synonymous or non-synonymous, has been predicted assuming that a continuous reading frame.</p

The copy number of <i>Pvrbp2a</i>, <i>Pvrbp2b</i> genes in seven <i>P. vivax</i> isolates (Numbered TK1 to TK7) collected in western Thailand (Tak province).

<p>The copy number of <i>Pvrbp2a</i>, <i>Pvrbp2b</i> genes in seven <i>P. vivax</i> isolates (Numbered TK1 to TK7) collected in western Thailand (Tak province).</p

Schematic representation of the <i>Pvrbp2a</i> (A) and <i>Pvrbp2b</i> (B) genes.

<p>In each panel, the location of the fragments cloned is indicated below the gene model. Above the gene model, synonymous mutations are indicated by vertical bars below the horizontal bar that represents the gene, whereas non-synonymous mutations are place above this horizontal bar. SNPs that have been confirmed from two independent PCR amplifications are shown as solid lines, whereas those observed only once are represented by dotted lines. The nature and location of confirmed SNPs are also provided as tables, with the non-synonymous mutations highlighted in olive green.</p

Specific adhesion of <i>P.vivax</i> infected red blood cells (<i>P.v</i> IRBC) to immobilised potential receptors and the effects of enzyme pretreatment and preincubation with soluble receptors.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Chondroitin sulphate A (CSA) was pretreated with chondroitinase ABC (0.5, 1 unit/mL). (<b>B</b>) Hyaluronic acid (HA) was pretreated with hyaluronidase (5, 10 units /mL). (<b>C</b>) <i>P.v</i> IRBCs were pre-incubated with soluble CSA (50 ug/mL). (<b>D</b>) <i>P.v</i> IRBCs were pre-incubated with soluble HA (50 ug/mL). Data are presented as medians with 95% confidence intervals.</p

Effects of trypsin pre-incubation, heparin and EGTA on the adhesion of <i>P.vivax</i> infected red blood cells to immobilised CSA and HA.

<p>(A) Effects of pre-incubation with trypsin on adhesion to CSA. (B) Effects of pre-incubation with trypsin on adhesion to HA. (C) Effects of heparin on binding to immobilized CSA and HA. Black bars: CSA, Grey bars: HA. (D) Effects of EGTA on binding to immobilized CSA and HA. Black bars: CSA, Grey bars: HA. Data are presented as medians with 95% confidence intervals.</p

Wet mounted erythrocytes subvitally stained with New Methylene Blue (NMB)

<p>(A). A reticulocyte containing the dark reticular matter is indicated by an arrow. The chemical structure of NMB is inserted at the top right hand corner. Wet mounted erythrocytes subvitally stained with Giemsa (B). Two reticulocytes are indicated by arrows. The chemical structure of Giemsa is inserted at the top right hand corner. Wet mounts of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> (trophozoite stage) infected erythrocytes subvitally stained with NMB (C) and Giemsa (D). The parasitized red cells are indicated by the arrows. The horizontal scale bar at the bottom right of each photomicrograph represents 10 µm. Linear Regression (E) and Bland-Altman (F) comparison of the percentage of reticulocytes (number of reticulocytes per 1000 erythrocytes) detected by Geimsa and NMB wet mount methodologies.</p

<i>P.vivax</i> infected red blood cells (arrows) adherent to the surface of fresh placenta.

<p><i>P.vivax</i> infected red blood cells (arrows) adherent to the surface of fresh placenta.</p