271 research outputs found
High Pressure Processing of Dairy Foods
End of Project ReportThe term High Pressure Processing (HPP) is used to describe the technology whereby
products are exposed to very high pressures in the region of 50 - 800 MPa (500 - 8000
Atmospheres). The potential application of HPP in the food industry has gained popularity
in recent years, due to developments in the construction of HPP equipment which makes
the technology more affordable. Applying HPP to food products results in modifications to
interactions between individual components, rates of enzymatic reactions and inactivation
of micro-organisms.
The first commercial HPP products appeared on the market in 1991 in Japan, where HPP
is now being used commercially for products such as jams, sauces, fruit juices, rice cakes
and desserts. The pioneering research into the application of HPP to milk dates back to the
end of the 19th century. Application of HPP to milk has been shown to modify its gel
forming characteristics as well as reducing its microbial load. HPP offers the potential to
induce similar effects to those generated by heat on milk protein.
Recent reports have also indicated that HPP could accelerate the ripening of cheese. Much
of the Irish cheese industry is based on the production of Cheddar cheese, the ripening time
for which can vary from 4 - 12 months or more, depending on grade. A substantial portion
of the cost associated with Cheddar manufacture is therefore attributed to storage under
controlled conditions during ripening. Thus, any technology which may accelerate the
ripening of Cheddar cheese while maintaining a balanced flavour and texture is of major
economic significance.
While food safety is a dominant concern, consumers are increasingly demanding foods that
maintain their natural appearance and flavour, while free of chemical preservatives. HPP
offers the food industry the possibility of achieving these twin goals as this technology can
lead to reduced microbial loads without detrimentally effecting the nutritional or sensory
qualities of the product.
The development of food ingredients with novel functional properties offers the dairy
industry an opportunity to revitalise existing markets and develop new ones. HPP can lead
to modifications in the structure of milk components, in particular protein, which may
provide interesting possibilities for the development of high value nutritional and functional
ingredients.
Hence these projects set out to investigate the potential of HPP in the dairy industry and
to identify products and processes to which it could be applied.Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marin
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Millions of historical monthly rainfall observations taken in the UK and Ireland rescued by citizen scientists
Recovering additional historical weather observations from known archival sources will improve understanding of how the climate is changing and enable detailed examination of unusual events within the historical record. The UK National Meteorological Archive recently scanned more than 66,000 paper sheets containing 5.28 million hand-written monthly rainfall observations taken across the UK and Ireland between 1677 and 1960. Only a small fraction of these observations were previously digitally available for climate scientists
to analyse. More than 16,000 volunteer citizen scientists completed the transcription of these sheets of observations during early 2020 using the RainfallRescue.org website, built using the Zooniverse platform. A total of 3.34 million observations from more than 6000 locations have so far been quality controlled and made openly available. This has increased the total number of monthly rainfall observations that are available for this time period and region by a factor of six. The newly rescued observations will enable longer and much improved reconstructions of past variations in rainfall across the British and Irish Isles, including for periods of significant flooding and drought. Specifically, this data should allow the official gridded monthly rainfall reconstructions for the UK to be extended back to 1836, and even earlier for some regions
Observation of the Isospin-Violating Decay
Using data collected with the CLEO~II detector, we have observed the
isospin-violating decay . The decay rate for this mode,
relative to the dominant radiative decay, is found to be .Comment: 8 page uuencoded postscript file, also available through
http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN
Semileptonic Branching Fraction of Charged and Neutral B Mesons
An examination of leptons in events tagged by reconstructed
decays yields semileptonic branching fractions of for charged and for neutral mesons.
This is the first measurement for charged . Assuming equality of the charged
and neutral semileptonic widths, the ratio is
equivalent to the ratio of lifetimes. A postscript version is available through
World-Wide-Web in http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLNS/1994Comment: 9 pages (in REVTEX format) Preprint CLNS94-1286, CLEO 94-1
Production and Decay of D_1(2420)^0 and D_2^*(2460)^0
We have investigated and final states and
observed the two established charmed mesons, the with mass
MeV/c and width MeV/c and
the with mass MeV/c and width
MeV/c. Properties of these final states, including
their decay angular distributions and spin-parity assignments, have been
studied. We identify these two mesons as the doublet predicted
by HQET. We also obtain constraints on {\footnotesize } as a function of the cosine of the relative phase of the two
amplitudes in the decay.Comment: 15 pages in REVTEX format. hardcopies with figures can be obtained by
sending mail to: [email protected]
Improved Measurement of the Pseudoscalar Decay Constant
We present a new determination of the Ds decay constant, f_{Ds} using 5
million continuum charm events obtained with the CLEO II detector. Our value is
derived from our new measured ratio of widths for Ds -> mu nu/Ds -> phi pi of
0.173+/- 0.021 +/- 0.031. Taking the branching ratio for Ds -> phi pi as (3.6
+/- 0.9)% from the PDG, we extract f_{Ds} = (280 +/- 17 +/- 25 +/- 34){MeV}. We
compare this result with various model calculations.Comment: 23 page postscript file, postscript file also available through
http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN
Measurement of the branching fraction for
We have studied the leptonic decay of the resonance into tau
pairs using the CLEO II detector. A clean sample of tau pair events is
identified via events containing two charged particles where exactly one of the
particles is an identified electron. We find . The result is consistent with
expectations from lepton universality.Comment: 9 pages, RevTeX, two Postscript figures available upon request, CLNS
94/1297, CLEO 94-20 (submitted to Physics Letters B
First Observation of and Decays
We have observed new channels for decays with an in the final
state. We study 3-prong tau decays, using the and
\eta\to 3\piz decay modes and 1-prong decays with two \piz's using the
channel. The measured branching fractions are
\B(\tau^{-}\to \pi^{-}\pi^{-}\pi^{+}\eta\nu_{\tau})
=(3.4^{+0.6}_{-0.5}\pm0.6)\times10^{-4} and \B(\tau^{-}\to
\pi^{-}2\piz\eta\nu_{\tau}
=(1.4\pm0.6\pm0.3)\times10^{-4}. We observe clear evidence for
substructure and measure \B(\tau^{-}\to
f_1\pi^{-}\nu_{\tau})=(5.8^{+1.4}_{-1.3}\pm1.8)\times10^{-4}. We have also
searched for production and obtain 90% CL upper limits
\B(\tau^{-}\to \pi^{-}\eta'\nu_\tau)<7.4\times10^{-5} and \B(\tau^{-}\to
\pi^{-}\piz\eta'\nu_\tau)<8.0\times10^{-5}.Comment: 11 page postscript file, postscript file also available through
http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN
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