The effect of IL-1β on fibrin architecture of PPP clots.

<p>Morphology of PPP clots (<i>n</i> = 3) architecture (A, B, C) formed by different concentrations of IL-1β were analyzed using Zeiss SEM. Fiber diameter (D) (<i>n</i> = 150), density (E), and pore size (F) were measured using the Image J software. Fibers appear significantly different in the IL-1β groups at the concentration of 500 pg/mL with a thinner diameter, denser, and lower porosity (scale bar = 2 μm).</p

The effect of IL-1β on fibrin clot structure of PPP clots.

<p>Structural morphology of PPP clots formed by 500 pg/mL IL-1β (<i>n</i> = 3) (A, C). In 0, 50, 500 pg/mL IL-1β groups, using the function of Annotations and Measurements, fiber diameters were determined from maximum intensity projections (MIP) (B). Fiber densities were counted in the Intensity graph obtained by calculating the peaks (the number of fibers) that cross a line of 50 μm (D). Scale bars represent 10 μm.</p

Profile of TEG parameters (A, B), blood cell count, and fibrinogen concentration (C).

<p>This profile comprised two processes, namely, thrombosis and fibrinolysis. Thrombosis was described by four important parameters: R time; which was calculated from the time that the blood was pipetted into the TEG analyzer till initial fibrin clot formation. K time was the time at which clot formation reached amplitude of 20 mm, representing clot formation speed. In addition, α angle denoted the level of fibrinogen. MA value was a reflection of platelet function and aggregation, which indicated that clot strength (stiffness) reached the maximum amplitude.</p

The effect of IL-1β on fibrinolytic activity of PPP clots.

<p>A PPP clot formed by the addition of thrombin (1 U/mL) and CaCl₂ (10 mM) for 2 h at 37°C (A), after 18 h of lysis, the size of the clot showed a notable decrease (B). Releases of d-dimer and weight loss were measured during PPP clot lysis over 24 h (C, D). The d-dimer levels of clots formed by various concentrations of IL-1β (C) and the percentage of weight losses denoting the lysis of clots (D). * P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01.</p

The effect of IL-1β on fibrin polymerization of PPP clots.

<p>Effect of IL-1β on polymerization of PPP clots (A, D, E) and effect of different concentrations of thrombin on PPP clots (B, C). In figure B and C show the lag time when turbidity absorbance starts to rise to 0.001 and maximal turbidity in PPP solutions with thrombin (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.1 or 0.5 U/mL) and CaCl₂ (10 mM) in HEPES buffer (pH = 7.4). In figure A, fibrin polymerization was plotted using three different colors: dark (control group), dark gray (50 pg/mL IL-1β group), and light gray (500 pg/mL IL-1β group). Figure D and E represent lag time and maximal turbidity in PPP solutions by addition of thrombin (0.1 U/mL) and CaCl₂ (10 mM), respectively. Data from 5 replicates were analyzed by unpaired Student <i>t</i>-tests. NS indicated no significant differences.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Characterization of nano-structural and nano-mechanical properties of osteoarthritic subchondral bone

EDS data of subchondral bone plate. Values (mean ± SD) with different superscript letters (a vs b vs c) were significant difference (one-way ANOVA analysis and SNK-q test, P < 0.05). Table S2. EDS data of trabecular bone. Values (mean ± SD) with different superscript letters (a vs b vs c) were significant difference (one-way ANOVA analysis and SNK-q test, P < 0.05). Table S3. The EDS data of mineral crystals are shown as follow. Values (mean ± SD). Significance = P < 0.05. Table S4. The splitting factor data of mineral crystals are shown as follow. Values (mean ± SD). Significance = P < 0.05. (DOC 104 kb

Metabolic effects of HCHF diet feeding.

<p>(A) Body weight of Wistar rats on CD or HCHF diet (n = 8). (B) Dorsal view of the rats showing the changes in the total abdominal length caused by the two diets after 16 weeks. ELISA analysis of pro-inflammatory (C) and (D) or anti-inflammatory (E) cytokines in serum (n = 6). Data were analyzed by two-tailed Student’s t test. All data are presented as mean ± SD. P < 0.05 (CD vs HCHF at two time point- week 8 and week 16) was considered to be significant. * = <i>p</i> <0.05.</p

Tables – Supplemental material for Prevalence and determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour before and up to 12 months after total knee replacement: a longitudinal cohort study

<p>Supplemental material, Tables for Prevalence and determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour before and up to 12 months after total knee replacement: a longitudinal cohort study by Alison Hodges, Alison R Harmer, Sarah Dennis, Lillias Nairn, Lyn March, Ross Crawford, David Parker and Marlene Fransen in Clinical Rehabilitation</p

Synovial fluid of 16-week HCHF rats alters macrophage polarization and chondrocyte differentiation in vitro.

<p>Relative qPCR analysis of pro-inflammatory M1-like (A) or anti-inflammatory M2-like (B) genes in BMDMs after synovial fluid stimulation. ELISA analysis of pro-inflammatory (C) or anti-inflammatory (D) cytokines in conditioned medium. (E) Relative qPCR analysis of MMP13, ADAMTS5, COL10, ACAN and SOX9 in micromass cultured ACCs after 7 days of synovial fluid stimulation. (F) GAG release in supernatant of ACCs after synovial fluid stimulation at day 3 and day 7. Data were analyzed by two-tailed Student’s <i>t</i> test. All data are presented as mean ± SD, <i>P</i> < 0.05 was considered to be significant. * = <i>p</i> <0.05. n = 5 independent samples.</p

M1 macrophage negatively affects chondrogenic differentiation of chondrocytes.

<p>Relative qPCR analysis of pro-inflammatory M1-like (A) or anti-inflammatory M2-like (B) genes in CD14+ macrophages after cytokine treatment. ELISA analysis of pro-inflammatory (C) or anti-inflammatory (D) cytokines in conditioned medium. Relative qPCR analysis of MMP2 (E), MMP13 (F), RUNX2 (G), ADAMTS5 (H), SOX9 (I), and ACAN (J) mRNA levels in chondrocytes treated with M1 CM or M2 CM. (K) GAG release in supernatant of chondrocytes treated with 50% M1/M2 CM treatment for 3 and 7 days. Data were analyzed by two-tailed Student’s <i>t</i> test. Values represent the mean ± SD of experimental triplicates, <i>P</i> < 0.05 was considered to be significant. * = <i>p</i> <0.05. n = 5 independent samples.</p