Distribution of nine babbler species based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

<p>Distribution of nine babbler species based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA).</p

Foraging niche segregation in Malaysian babblers (Family: Timaliidae)

<div><p>Tropical rainforests are considered as hotspots for bird diversity, yet little is known about the system that upholds the coexistence of species. Differences in body size that are associated with foraging strategies and spatial distribution are believed to promote the coexistence of closely related species by reducing competition. However, the fact that many babbler species do not differ significantly in their morphology has challenged this view. We studied the foraging ecology of nine sympatric babbler species (i.e., <i>Pellorneum capistratum</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>bicolor</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>malaccense</i>, <i>Malacopteron cinereum</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>magnum</i>, <i>Stachyris nigriceps</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>nigricollis</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>maculata</i>, and <i>Cyanoderma erythropterum</i>) in the Krau Wildlife Reserve in Peninsular Malaysia. We investigated; i) how these babblers forage in the wild and use vegetation to obtain food, and ii) how these trophically similar species differ in spatial distribution and foraging tactics. Results indicated that most babblers foraged predominantly on aerial leaf litter and used gleaning manoeuvre in intermediate-density foliage but exhibited wide ranges of vertical strata usage, thus reducing interspecific competition. The principal component analysis indicated that two components, i.e., foraging height and substrate are important as mechanisms to allow the coexistence of sympatric babblers. The present findings revealed that these bird species have unique foraging niches that are distinct from each other, and this may apply to other insectivorous birds inhabiting tropical forests. This suggests that niche separation does occur among coexisting birds, thus following Gause’ law of competitive exclusion, which states two species occupying the same niche will not stably coexist.</p></div

Interspecific relationships of nine babbler species, based on cluster analysis of foraging variables.

<p>FH = foraging height, AM = attack manoeuvres, FS = foraging substrate, FD = foliage density.</p

Map of Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.

<p>The reserve is represented by light grey, forest areas surrounding the reserve are indicated by dark grey, and non-forest areas are shown by white colour. Map adapted from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172836#pone.0172836.ref028" target="_blank">28</a>].</p

Neighbour-joining tree showing all available DNA barcodes for species in families Emballonuridae, Megadermatidae, Molossidae and Nycteridae reported from Peninsular Malaysia.

<p>The percentage of pseudoreplicate trees (≥70%) in which the DNA barcodes clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 pseudoreplicates) are shown above the branches. Abbreviation as follows: PM = Peninsular Malaysia, VN = Vietnam, BN = Borneo (including Sabah & Sarawak of East Malaysia, Brunei and Kalimantan Indonesia), TH = Thailand, LA = Laos, SM = Sumatera Indonesia, CH = China.</p

Heavy ion physics with the ATLAS detector

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider has undertaken a broad physics program to probe and characterize the hot nuclear matter created in relativistic lead-lead collisions. This talk presents recent results on production of jet, electroweak bosons and quarkonium, electromagnetic processes in ultra-peripheral collisions, and bulk particle collectivity from Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions

Neighbour-joining tree showing all available DNA barcodes for species in family Hipposideridae reported from Peninsular Malaysia.

<p>The percentage of pseudoreplicate trees (≥70%) in which the DNA barcodes clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 pseudoreplicates) are shown above the branches. Abbreviation as follows: PM = Peninsular Malaysia, VN = Vietnam, BN = Borneo (including Sabah & Sarawak of East Malaysia, Brunei and Kalimantan Indonesia), TH = Thailand, LA = Laos, SM = Sumatera Indonesia, CH = China, CM = Cambodia.</p

Bat species with recent (dated during or after the year 2000) and old (dated before year 2000) records from Peninsular Malaysia.

<p>Bat species with recent (dated during or after the year 2000) and old (dated before year 2000) records from Peninsular Malaysia.</p

Проект кафе "Новое время" на 54 места

Текст работы публикуется с изъятиям

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Morphological and molecular characteristics of Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia) in Peninsular Malaysia

Comparison of measurements of Malayfilaria sofiani n. g., n. sp. from common treeshrews in Malaysia with other filarial species recorded from treeshrews or hosts in the same geographical region. (XLSX 18 kb