Studi X-ray Diffractometry pada Struktur Coating Alumunium yang Dipreparasi Denganmetode Mechanical Alloying

X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY STUDY ON STUCTURE OF ALUMINUM COATING PREPARED BY A MECHANICAL ALLOYING METHOD. Aluminum (Al) coating was successfully deposited on the surface of low carbon steel by using a mechanical alloying method. After coating deposition, the aluminum coating was annealed in vacuum furnace of 5.6 Pa at elevated temperatures of 600 oC, 700 oC and 800 oC. Phase transformation and structure changes in aluminum coating at varying curing temperatures ware studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The presence of Al (111) diffraction peak from the results of XRD characterization indicates thatAl coating was deposited on the surface of low carbon steel. On the other hand, the results of XRD characterization show the phase transformation and structure changes of Al coating due to the effect of annealing temperature. It was indicated by the presence of diffraction peaks of Al3,2Fe, Fe3Al, dan Fe0,8Al0,2 after annealing.An increase in annealing temperature leads to decrease in d-spacing, lattice parameter, and lattice constant Fe0,8Al0,2(110). However, the lattice strain and dislocation density are likely to increase. Structure coating evolution occurred due to the diffusion of aluminum to the substrate of low carbon steel

Sifat Mekanik Kayu Lapis Dengan Variasi Lapisan Pengisi Dari Iratan Bambu (Gigantochloa Apus Kurz)

Bambu telah digunakan sebagai penguat pada kayu lapis karena kuat tekan dan kuat lenturnya yang tinggi. Sifat mekanik kayu lapis dipengaruhi oleh jumlah variasi lapisan pengisi. Kayu lapis dengan variasi lapisan pengisi 4 lapis, 5 lapis, 6 lapis, 7 lapis, 8 lapis, dan 9 lapis menjadi fokus yang dikaji. Pembuatan kayu lapis dilakukan dengan perekatan dimana face dari kayu lapis berasal dari vinir kayu sengon sedangkan lapisan pengisi berasal dari iratan bambu apus. Pengujian multiplek dilakukan dengan menempatkan alat penekan Universal Testing Machine (UTM) tegak lurus dengan vinir kayu sengon bagian atas. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan tertinggi dan terendah dimiliki oleh kayu lapis dengan variasi lapisan pengisi sebanyak 9 dan 5 lapis sedangkan kuat lentur tertinggi dan terendah dimiliki oleh kayu lapis dengan variasi lapisan pengisi sebanyak 4 dan 5 lapis. Informasi sifat mekanik yang diberikan oleh kayu lapis dengan lapisan pengisi sebanyak 5 lapis menunjukkan penyimpangan tetapi secara garis besar menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak komposisi iratan bambu maka kekuatan tekan akan semakin bertambah sedangkan kekuatan lenturnya akan semakin berkurang

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN