Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation from Artemesia Annua grown in

Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the in vitro antimicrobial potential of the Essential Oil (EO) extracted by hydro-distillation from the variety of A. annua grown in West Cameroon. This evaluation was conducted by testing the microbial growth inhibition through agar diffusion, minimal inhibitory and minimal lethal concentrations. Tested microorganisms included bacteria isolates belonging to the following categories: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Shigella flexneri, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae. This activity was also tested on a dimorphic fungal species, Candida albicans. Data analysis revealed that the EO possessed an intrinsic antimicrobial activity that was potentiated by the solvent (DMSO). Inhibition zone diameters varied from 6 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella flexneri) to 45 mm (Vibrio cholerae). It was also observed that Vibrio cholerae was susceptible to the lowest concentration of the essential oil used (0.3 mg/mL), while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to tolerate the highest (80 mg/mL). Also, the minimal inhibitory and lethal concentrations were equal (MLC/MIC = 1), implying the absolute lethal property of the oil. This lethal potential on fungi, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria makes of this plant an appropriate candidate for new conventional antimicrobial drug production and infectious disease prevention. Well exploited, it might be used to control the current epidemics of Vibrio cholerae-associated cholera in Cameroon. Additional studies should also be conducted to lay down reliable basis for comprehensive test interpretations that take into account correlations between these in vitro test results and the ones that would be obtained with conventional antimicrobials

Physicochemical and rheological characterizations of Cocos nucifera L. and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) oils for black hair shampoo formulation

Black hair suffers from a lipid deficiency, either on the surface with a decrease in sebaceous secretion or in depth with a lack of covalent bonds between the lipids and the cuticular cells. The result is a porous cuticle, a dull, rough hair that is difficult to untangle and breaks easily. The aim of this study was to evaluate properties of oils extracted from Cocos nucifera and Elaeis guineensis intended for the formulation of shampoos for black hair. Physicochemical and rheological analyses were carried out. Both oils showed a refractive index of 1.45 and melting points of 28 °C and 30 °C for coconut oil and palm kernel oil, respectively. The relative densities, moisture contents, saponification indexes, peroxide values, unsaponifiable matter contents, para-anisidine values were relatively similar while iodine and acid values were different. Both oils are rich in lauric, oleic and linoleic acids. These oils exhibited a Newtonian behavior and a dominant elastic nature after their melting temperature in the study conditions. They could constitute active ingredients for the formulation of shampoo for black hair in view of their different characteristics.Keywords: Physico-chemical analyses, rheological parameters, Cocos nucifera oil, Elaeis guineensis oil

Optimisation de la formulation d’une boisson artisanale à base de jus d’ananas pour un stockage à température ambiante

Le jus d’ananas présente un grand intérêt nutritionnel grâce à sa richesse en sels minéraux, en vitamines et aussi une forme intéressante de consommation du fruit. Mais ce jus constitue dès son extraction un milieu aqueux instable. Pour la conservation plus longue du jus d’ananas les producteurs utilisent généralement le congélateur ou le réfrigérateur. L’objectif de cette étude est de proposer des procédés de traitement chimique pour la conservation à temperature ambiante d’une boisson artisanale à base d’ananas. La méthodologie était basée sur l’application seul ou en combinaison de traitement thermique (chauffage), d’acidifiant (acide citrique), d’antioxydant (acide ascorbique) et d’antimicrobien (benzoate de sodium et/ou sorbate de potassium). Une étude de l’évolution des caractéres organoleptique, physicochimique (pH, acidité titrable et degré Brix) et microbiologique sur une durée de 21 jours a été réalisée  Une analyse sensorielle a été réalisée afin d’évaluer leur acceptabilité. Les procédés efficaces étaient ceux utilisant un conservateur chimique antimicrobien (benzoate de sodium ou sorbate de potassium) seul ou combiné aux autres traitements. Les jus traités avec le sorbate de potassium seul à 2 g/L présentaient une meilleure stabilité pendant 21 jours et également une meilleure acceptabilité à l’analyse sensorielle. Le sorbate de potassium (2 g/L) conservateur chimique antimicrobien peut être proposé seul comme additif pour la conservation à température ambiante du jus d’ananas artisanal

Optimisation de la formulation d’une boisson artisanale à base de jus d’ananas pour un stockage à température ambiante

Le jus d’ananas présente un grand intérêt nutritionnel grâce à sa richesse en sels minéraux, en vitamines et aussi une forme intéressante de consommation du fruit. Mais ce jus constitue dès son extraction un milieu aqueux instable. Pour la conservation plus longue du jus d’ananas les producteurs utilisent généralement le congélateur ou le réfrigérateur. L’objectif de cette étude est de proposer des procédés de traitement chimique pour la conservation à temperature ambiante d’une boisson artisanale à base d’ananas. La méthodologie était basée sur l’application seul ou en combinaison de traitement thermique (chauffage), d’acidifiant (acide citrique), d’antioxydant (acide ascorbique) et d’antimicrobien (benzoate de sodium et/ou sorbate de potassium). Une étude de l’évolution des caractéres organoleptique, physicochimique (pH, acidité titrable et degré Brix) et microbiologique sur une durée de 21 jours a été réalisée  Une analyse sensorielle a été réalisée afin d’évaluer leur acceptabilité. Les procédés efficaces étaient ceux utilisant un conservateur chimique antimicrobien (benzoate de sodium ou sorbate de potassium) seul ou combiné aux autres traitements. Les jus traités avec le sorbate de potassium seul à 2 g/L présentaient une meilleure stabilité pendant 21 jours et également une meilleure acceptabilité à l’analyse sensorielle. Le sorbate de potassium (2 g/L) conservateur chimique antimicrobien peut être proposé seul comme additif pour la conservation à température ambiante du jus d’ananas artisanal

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE EXTRACTION PROCESSES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM LEAVES AND STEMS OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA (Asteraceae)

Introduction: Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) is a plant widely used to treat diseases including malaria. Manipulation conditions and treatment of plant influence physico-chemical characteristics and composition, so that objective of this work was to examine extraction processes in order to identify the best process that leads to obtain extracts with optimal pharmacotechnical characteristics and phytochemical properties for drugs formulation. Methods: From raw powder resulting by spraying stems and leaves of Artemisia annua, 3 types of extracts were obtained; a dry infused, a dry hydro-ethanolic macerate and a freeze-dried infused. These different extracts were then characterized on physico-chemical, phyto-chemical and microbiological levels in order to compare them. Results: Freeze-dried infused exhibited the highest extraction yield followed by dry hydro-alcoholic macerate and dry infused with extraction percentages respectively of 11.7 ±0.3%, 8.4 ± 0.4% and 6.8 ± 0.3%. Powders tested were fine and had a diameter varying from 0-2.75 µm with a D 50 <125 µm). Lyophilisate had a porphyritic morphology while macerate and infused had respectively a sticky and crystalline appearance. All powders were microbiologically clean and hydro-ethanolic macerate was qualitatively the richest extract in phytochemicals. Dosage of artemisinin by HPLC showed that freeze-dried infused had the highest concentration of artemisinin (3322.5 +/- 0.637 µg/mL) compared to dry infused (1308.9 +/- 0.105 µg/mL), dry macerate (1296.2 +/- 0.251 μg/mL) and raw powder (2190.8 +/- 0.48 μg/mL). In contrast, phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids were more abundant in macerate than dry infused respectively at 28.7 +/- 0.215 mg EQ/g and 11.4 +/- 0.16 mg EQ/g. Flavonoids concentration were not quantifiable in lyophilizate. Conclusion: Lyophilization should be the best pharmaceutical processes which permit to obtain a high concentration of artemisinin, the best yield of extract, good moisture content and extract powder highly recommended for herbal galenic preparation forms used to fight malaria diseases

Comparative assessment of hepatoprotective properties of Artesunate and flavonoids from Artemisia annua on acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride-induced cytotoxicity in primary mice hepatocytes

Background: Artesunate (ART) is a semi-synthetized molecule from Artemisinin, an active compound isolated from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua, widely used for the treatment of malaria. Previous studies reported that ART may exert a dual effect on the liver. Accordingly, this study investigated the potential protective action of ART against Acetaminophen (APAP) and Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in primary mice hepatocytes, in comparison to that of flavonoid extracted from A. annua (FAA). In addition, the antioxidant properties of FAA were also assessed. Methods: The antioxidant activities of FAA and Ascorbic acid (ASC) (0.01–100 μg/mL) were assessed through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reduction of ferric and phosphomolydenum, and hydroxyl and DPPH radicals scavenging assays. The hepatoprotective effects of FAA and ART (0.1–100 μg/mL) were evaluated against APAP (11 mM) or CCl4 (4 mM) induced oxidative damage in primary mouse hepatocytes. Biochemical parameters associated with hepatotoxicity assessed include cell viability, cell membrane integrity, cellular glutathione, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Results: The obtained finding revealed FAA displayed a remarkable antioxidant activities as evidenced by the low IC50/EC50 values (3.85–19.32 μg/mL), comparable to that of ASC (3.26–18.04 μg/mL). When tested at 10 μg/mL, both FAA and ART significantly (p˂0.05) preserved cell viability, inhibited alanine aminotransferase leakage and lipid membrane peroxidation, and restored superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione content induced by APAP or CCl4 in a similar way as Silymarin. However, ART showed a significant (p˂0.05) cytotoxic effect on hepatocytes at 100 and 1000 μg/mL and did not confer obvious protection at 100 μg/mL. Conclusion: Overall, our data demonstrated that ART harms mice hepatocytes at high concentration while conferring relative protection against APAP and CCl4-hepatotoxicity at low concentration. In contrast, FAA effectively protects liver cells without cytotoxicity effect, event at 100 μg/mL. Accordingly, ART should be given to the patient only under a medical prescription

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE EXTRACTION PROCESSES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM LEAVES AND STEMS OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA (Asteraceae)

Introduction: Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) is a plant widely used to treat diseases including malaria. Manipulation conditions and treatment of plant influence physico-chemical characteristics and composition, so that objective of this work was to examine extraction processes in order to identify the best process that leads to obtain extracts with optimal pharmacotechnical characteristics and phytochemical properties for drugs formulation. Methods: From raw powder resulting by spraying stems and leaves of Artemisia annua, 3 types of extracts were obtained; a dry infused, a dry hydro-ethanolic macerate and a freeze-dried infused. These different extracts were then characterized on physico-chemical, phyto-chemical and microbiological levels in order to compare them. Results: Freeze-dried infused exhibited the highest extraction yield followed by dry hydro-alcoholic macerate and dry infused with extraction percentages respectively of 11.7 ±0.3%, 8.4 ± 0.4% and 6.8 ± 0.3%. Powders tested were fine and had a diameter varying from 0-2.75 µm with a D 50 <125 µm). Lyophilisate had a porphyritic morphology while macerate and infused had respectively a sticky and crystalline appearance. All powders were microbiologically clean and hydro-ethanolic macerate was qualitatively the richest extract in phytochemicals. Dosage of artemisinin by HPLC showed that freeze-dried infused had the highest concentration of artemisinin (3322.5 +/- 0.637 µg/mL) compared to dry infused (1308.9 +/- 0.105 µg/mL), dry macerate (1296.2 +/- 0.251 μg/mL) and raw powder (2190.8 +/- 0.48 μg/mL). In contrast, phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids were more abundant in macerate than dry infused respectively at 28.7 +/- 0.215 mg EQ/g and 11.4 +/- 0.16 mg EQ/g. Flavonoids concentration were not quantifiable in lyophilizate. Conclusion: Lyophilization should be the best pharmaceutical processes which permit to obtain a high concentration of artemisinin, the best yield of extract, good moisture content and extract powder highly recommended for herbal galenic preparation forms used to fight malaria diseases

C33 Etude comparative de microparticules à base de pectine de Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) versus la pectine synthétique

Introduction : La pectine est un polysaccharide retrouvé dans la paroi de nombreuses cellules végétales, notamment dans les fruits mûrs. Elle possède d’excellentes propriétés gélifiantes qui en font un ingrédient particulier dans l’industrie alimentaire et pharmaceutique. Elle est obtenue également par synthèse, donnant lieu à la pectine synthétique. Dès lors, les propriétés de ces deux sources de pectine seraient-elles identiques ? L’objectif de notre travail était de comparer des formulations de microparticules d’acide salicylique à partir de pectine naturelle de Mangifera indica L. et de pectine synthétique. Méthodes : La gélification ionique a été utilisée pour la fabrication des microparticules. Pour la préparation 3% de pectine naturelle contre 2% de pectine synthétique ont été utilisé dans du tampon citrate à pH 5 avec du chlorure de calcium (CaCl2) à 0,2%. La solution de réticulation était du CaCl2 à 10%. Les microparticules obtenues ont été caractérisées sur le plan macroscopique par la vérification de la couleur et de la forme. La taille des particules a été déterminée au microscope optique permettant de calculer les déciles. Enfin les différents taux d’encapsulation ainsi que les rendements d’encapsulation ont été déterminés. Résultats : Les microparticules obtenues avec la pectine naturelle étaient de couleur brune et de forme aplaties, celles avec la pectine synthétique étaient de couleur blanche plus ou moins arrondies. La pectine   naturelle donnait des particules de taille variant de 87 à 190 mm avec une moyenne de 137,70 mm et un rapport interdecile de 1,66. Quant à la pectine synthétique, les tailles des particules étaient comprises entre 58 et 116 mm avec une moyenne de 85,19 mm et un rapport interdecile de 1,55. Le taux d’encapsulation avec la pectine naturelle de Mangifera indica L. était de 6,08% avec un rendement d’encapsulation de 78,5%. En ce qui concerne la pectine synthétique, elle a donné un taux d’encapsulation de 17,72% et un rendement d’encapsulation de 88%. Conclusion : Des microparticules ont pu être formulées avec la pectine naturelle de Mangifera indica L. Cependant, la pectine synthétique a donné de meilleurs résultats de formulation et a pu encapsuler plus de principe actif par rapport à la pectine naturelle