Introduction: what’s new about gender inequalities in the 21st century?

Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? This book documents how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated

Design for sustainable architecture and environments

This paper describes some of the research outcomes of a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) project partly funded by Department of Trade and Industry, UK. One of the aims of the project was to plan and develop designs for a range of autonomous eco-buildings through research into autonomous eco-building systems and techniques in order to identify best practice and the most appropriate systems for low-carbon buildings. The design of the Community Hall offering accommodations for a multi functional hall, café and exhibition, and offices, has been developed through partnership with mainstream design and construction companies in the region. Following a successful planning application and external fund raising exercise, the construction of the building is due to start shortly. The structure will be constructed using locally sourced materials and is designed to be ‘renewable’ whilst exceeding all the requirements of the current Building Regulations. It examines the potential of non traditional construction techniques and materials. The total environmental impact of the design as the result of environmental loads occurring during the life span of the building is estimated and compared with conventional practice. The building incorporates rain water collection, waste treatment, composting toilets and photovoltaics

Evolution of Scholarly Communication: How Small and Medium-Sized Libraries are Adapting

For the transformation of scholarly publishing to succeed, it is imperative that small and medium-sized institutions are actively engaged in scholarly communication initiatives. This paper presents the results of a survey of scholarly communication initiatives at selected U.S institutions and discusses the influence of institutional variables on the approaches that are employed. The survey was designed to gather information comparable to a 2007 ARL (Association of Research Libraries) survey

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-WAR CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION ACT-INJUNCTION PROCEEDING-UNAUTHORIZED SUIT AGAINST THE UNITED STATES

A holder of war contracts with the federal government brought suit in the District Court for the District of Columbia to enjoin the Secretary of the Navy from withholding payments due under one contract to offset alleged excess profits received on others on the ground that the statute was unconstitutional, and to obtain a declaratory judgment with respect to his right to the disputed funds. The district court dismissed the bill. Held, since the essential allegations and the relief sought did not make it a case of threatened trespass against property but in effect constituted a suit designed to collect a debt alleged to be owed by the government, the United States had such an interest that it was an indispensable party and, therefore, the suit could not be maintained here without its consent. The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Mine Safety Appliance Company v. Forrestal, (U.S. 1945) 66 S. Ct. 219, affirming (D.C.D.C., 1945) 59 F. Supp. 733

EVIDENCE--HEARSAY AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL--INFANT AS WITNESS--INDECENT LIBERTIES

In the prosecution of the defendant for taking indecent liberties with a female under sixteen years of age, testimony respecting the features of the house and neighborhood where the offense occurred as narrated by the complaining witness to her mother was objected to as hearsay; and testimony of a second child as to advances made by the defendant in the same vicinity was objected to as putting in issue his character. Held, that the mother\u27s testimony as to the statements, made to her by the child soon after the offense, were competent to show that the child had knowledge; and that the testimony of the second child was admissible because it tended to identify the defendant as a person present in the neighborhood at the time of the offense. Bridges v. State, 247 Wis. 352, 19 N.W. (2d) 529 (1945)

Poetry and piety : the role of verse in mid-Victorian Sunday reading

Mid-Victorian poetry of piety is verse concerned to propagate and sustain simple faith in an age frequently characterised by doubt. The proliferation of 'Sunday verse' may itself be a response to doubt. Section I (Chapters 1-2) establishes the verse's context, and its role within the respectable occupation of Sunday reading. The primary material examined in Section II (Chapters 3-6) establishes the value Victorian writers placed on verse as a means of religious communication. Dependence on the common cultural heritage of the Bible broadened the verse's appeal, especially through cheaply available hymns and periodicals (Chapters 4 and 5). Pious verse is seen as a didactic tool, frequently consolatory, a means of imaginatively exploring difficult concepts in a Manner accessible to the emotions. The developing readership for Sunday verse originates in children's reading (Chapter 6), which stresses social and moral training. Section III (Chapters 7-9) shows the influence of pious verse on a young reader, Marianne Farningham (Chapter 7). From" humble origins, Farningham became self-supporting by her writing, showing how women could gain some independence in this sphere. A broader survey of women's writing (Chapter 8 - principally A.L. Waring, Charlotte Elliott and F.R. Havergal), reveals a strong affinity between women and pious verse, with 'its social and sexual stereotyping. Characteristic aspects of language are more fully explored in Chapter 9. Essential simplicity is related to the argument that language is inadequate to communicate the divine, actively encouraging the less educated as readers and writers of Sunday verse, which thus has a wider readership than other types of verse. In conclusion, pious verse is seen as an egalitarian genre, assisting literacy, supporting respectability and countering doubt. It is a valuable resource for the study of Victorian culture. The thesis is supported by a listing 'of periodicals publishing pious verse, 1850-1875 (Appendix A)j work towards an annotated bibliography of pious verse, 1851-1860 (Appendix B); an analysis of pious verse in the marketplace (Appendix C). Together these demonstrate the widespread availability and commercial viability of Sunday verse

TRADE RESTRAINTS--APPLICABILITY OF SHERMAN ACT TO BY-LAWS OF NEWS SERVICES

The Associated Press is a non-profit association of more than 1,200 publishers. It is incorporated under the laws of New York for the collection, assembly, and distribution of news for the exclusive benefit of its members. The United States charged in an action before a special three-judge district court on a motion for a summary judgement that the news service had violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act because its by-laws restricted the sale of news to nonmembers and gave each member the power to block the admission to membership of competitors, and because it had a contract with the Canadian Press, a similar organization in Canada, under which they would furnish news exclusively to each other. Held, that the injunction of the District Court of the observance of the by-laws and restrictions on sale of news and\u3e pending the revision of the by-laws, a temporary injunction against the enforcement of the contract with the Canadian Press should be affirmed. Associated Press v. United States, (U.S. 1945) 65 S. Ct. 1416

TAXATION-INCOME TAX-DEDUCTION FOR WORTHLESS STOCK-OBJECTIVE v. SUBJECTIVE TEST

The taxpayer held stock in a corporation - which had been in receivership for five years, and which had, during all of that time, liabilities substantially exceeding its assets. When the receivership was ended and when a derivative suit against the management was compromised, the taxpayer declared the stock to be worthless and claimed a deduction for 1937. The commissioner denied the deduction on the ground that the stock had not become worthless in 1937. The Tax Court sustained this ruling and the circuit court of appeals affirmed. Held, the value of the stock should be determined by an objective test based on identifiable events rather than by the subjective test based on the taxpayer\u27s reasonable and honest belief supported by his conduct, and the finding on this question of fact by the Tax Court should be conclusive. The decision of the lower court affirmed. Lillian Boehm v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, (U.S. 1945) 66 S.Ct. 120

Partition Decoupling for Multi-gene Analysis of Gene Expression Profiling Data

We present the extention and application of a new unsupervised statistical learning technique--the Partition Decoupling Method--to gene expression data. Because it has the ability to reveal non-linear and non-convex geometries present in the data, the PDM is an improvement over typical gene expression analysis algorithms, permitting a multi-gene analysis that can reveal phenotypic differences even when the individual genes do not exhibit differential expression. Here, we apply the PDM to publicly-available gene expression data sets, and demonstrate that we are able to identify cell types and treatments with higher accuracy than is obtained through other approaches. By applying it in a pathway-by-pathway fashion, we demonstrate how the PDM may be used to find sets of mechanistically-related genes that discriminate phenotypes.Comment: Revise