Insulin secretion in insulin sensitive and resistant cases and controls.

<p>Fasting and total insulin secretion (box and whiskers, min to max) in control and PCOS women having insulin resistance defined as HOMA-IR ≥1.26 (panel A); insulin sensitivity defined as WBISI ≥7.91 (panel B) and insulin resistance as WBISI<7.91 (panel C).</p

Anthropometrics, laboratory and insulin metabolism related parameters of controls and PCOS patients according to the obesity status.

<p>Data are expressed as mean ± SD. <i>P</i> refers to statistical significance at the Mann-Whitney U test within groups of normal-weight, overweight and obese women. BMI, body Mass Index; HDL, High density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; WBISI, Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index; ISSI-2, Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2; Total Insulin, Total insulin secretion at a WBISI of 5.</p

Coefficients of correlation in patients with PCOS.

<p>A4, Androstenedione; AMH, Anti-Mullerian Hormone; BMI, body Mass Index;</p><p>CBG, Cortisol Binding Globulin; DHEAS, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2, 17β-estradiol;</p><p>HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; LH, Luteinizing Hormone;</p><p>FAI, Free androgen index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; T, testosterone; WBISI, Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index; ISSI-2, Insulin.</p

Relationship between insulin sensitivity and secretion in cases and controls.

<p>Scatter plot of the relationship between whole body insulin sensitivity (WBISI) and Total insulin secretion in controls (empty circles) and patients with PCOS (filled circles).</p

Mean values of Whole Body Insulin sensitivity (WBISI) by years of age in preschoolers and school age obese children.

<p>Mean values of Whole Body Insulin sensitivity (WBISI) by years of age in preschoolers and school age obese children.</p

Correlation analysis for age-adjusted WBISI in preschool and school age obese patients.

<p>Correlation analysis for age-adjusted WBISI in preschool and school age obese patients.</p

Relationship between percent changes in Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index (WBISI) and in BMI-z score (y = −0.6622x–11.194).

<p>Relationship between percent changes in Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index (WBISI) and in BMI-z score (y = −0.6622x–11.194).</p

Relationship between percent changes over follow-up in the Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index 2 (ISSI-2), the oral glucose disposition index, and serum concentrations of fasting (Panel A; y = −5.8962x–497.65; p<0.0001; R² = 0.492) and 2 hour serum glucose (Panel B; y = −11.207x–979.11; p<0.0001; R² = 0.294) in school-age children. The decrease of the glucose disposition index over the follow-up period was associated with higher values of fasting and 2 h glucose in school-age children.

<p>Relationship between percent changes over follow-up in the Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index 2 (ISSI-2), the oral glucose disposition index, and serum concentrations of fasting (Panel A; y = −5.8962x–497.65; p<0.0001; R² = 0.492) and 2 hour serum glucose (Panel B; y = −11.207x–979.11; p<0.0001; R² = 0.294) in school-age children. The decrease of the glucose disposition index over the follow-up period was associated with higher values of fasting and 2 h glucose in school-age children.</p

B cell phenotype after 4 days of CpG stimulation.

<p>Ratio of proliferation of CpG stimulated over unstimulated CMFDA-labeled CD19⁺ cells in the four different categories of subjects (<b>A</b>). Ratio of mature B cell percentages (<b>B</b>) in unstimulated compared to CpG-stimulated PBMC, ratio of switched memory B cell (<b>C</b>) and of IgM⁺ memory B cell percentages (<b>D</b>), calculated as CpG-stimulated over unstimulated PBMC, in T1D patients carrying or non carrying the C/T <i>PTPN22</i> variant and in non-carrier C/C and C/T healthy controls. Percentage of plasma cells from IgM⁺ (<b>E</b>) and IgM⁻ (<b>F</b>) memory B cells in the PBMC of individuals heterozygous for the C/T <i>PTPN22</i> variant compared to non-carriers.</p

B cell phenotype after 7 days of CpG stimulation.

<p>Ratio of proliferation of CpG stimulated CMFDA-labeled CD19⁺ cells over unstimulated cells among the four different categories of subjects included in our study (<b>A</b>) Ratio of mature B cell percentages (<b>B</b>), calculated as unstimulated over CpG-stimulated PBMC, in T1D patients carrying or non carrying the C/T <i>PTPN22</i> variant and in non-carrier C/C and C/T healthy controls. Percentages of plasma cells from IgM⁺ memory B cells (<b>C</b>) in individuals carrying the C/T <i>PTPN22</i> variant compared to the C/C subjects.</p