Avaliação pré e pós-natal da prole de ratos expostos ao óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare durante acasalamento, gestação e lactação

Despite the increasing use of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil for therapeutic purposes, pre- and postnatal development of animals offspring exposed to this oil has not yet been evaluated. In line with previous concerns of genotoxicity, in this study adult rats were exposed to different doses of oregano essential oil (3, 9 and 27% vol/vol) during pre-mating, mating, gestation and lactation. Prenatal screening included fetal development and uterine inspection, where the reproductive rate of females such as breeding, pregnancy, delivery, viability and post-implantation loss rate were measured. Postnatal evaluation of rat offspring included motor development, neuroendocrine and behavioral assessment. Body weight of rat dams and signs of dystocia were evaluated daily. Development of physic characteristics and reflex tests of puppies were also assessed. Additionally, these rats, when adults, were submitted to sexual and open field behavioral tests. The main differences among the groups were observed in the indices of mating, pregnancy and post-implantation loss (P<0.01). Results demonstrated that the treatment of parental generation with oregano essential oil has the potential to affect the developing fetuses at the highest dose used, but without causing maternal toxicity and changes in general behavior and development of the progeny.Apesar do aumento do uso do óleo essencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) para fins terapêuticos, o desenvolvimento pré e pós-natal da progênie de animais expostos a este óleo ainda não foi avaliado. Partindo das suspeitas prévias de genotoxicidade desse óleo, neste estudo, ratos Wistar adultos foram expostos a diferentes doses do óleo essencial de orégano (3, 9 e 27% vol/vol) durante o acasalamento, a gestação e a lactação. Para a avaliação pré-natal, o desenvolvimento gestacional foi observado e os úteros inspecionados, assim como os índices reprodutivos das fêmeas, como a taxa de acasalamento, de gestação, parto e perdas pós-implantação. Na avaliação pós-natal, observou-se o desenvolvimento motor, neuroendócrino e comportamental da prole. Observou-se, diariamente, o peso das ratas e sinais de distocia. Após o parto, as características de desenvolvimento e testes de reflexos dos filhotes foram avaliadas, enquanto que, na puberdade, foram realizadas análises histopatológicas e dosagem hormonal. Adicionalmente, na idade adulta, esses ratos foram submetidos ao teste de comportamento em campo aberto e ao comportamento sexual. As principais diferenças entre os grupos foram nos índices de acasalamento, de gestação e de perdas pós-implantação (P<0,01). Os resultados demonstram que o tratamento da geração parental com óleo essencial de orégano tem potencial para afetar os índices reprodutivos das ratas e o desenvolvimento dos fetos na maior dose utilizada, mas sem causar toxicidade materna e alterações no desenvolvimento geral e comportamental da sua progênie

Effects of the association of beta-glucan and itraconazole on fertility of male Wistar rats

Background: In recent years, the number of patients with systemic fungal infections requiring antifungal therapy has increased. As a consequence, antimicrobial resistance to conventional treatment is frequently reported. Due to this reason, new therapies emerge, including the combination of beta (1-3) glucan and itraconazole. However, the reproductive and fertility effects of this association were not known. So, the aim of this study was to identify the effects of the combination of itraconazole and beta (1-3) glucan, extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on male rats fertility. Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty male Wistar rats with 120-days-old were used. The experimental protocol was approved by Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (protocol CEUA/UFRGS no. 19452/2010). The animals were placed into six groups (n = 10 animals / group) as following: Negative Control group - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally and 0.25 mL of sterile normal saline (NaCl 0.9 %) subcutaneously weekly; Itraconazole (IT) group - treated daily with itraconazole solution at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally and 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% NaCl subcutaneously weekly; Beta group - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL. kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally and 0.5 mg of beta (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; Therapeutic Dose (TD) group - daily treated with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; TD5x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 50 mg.kg-1 orally and 0.5 mg of beta (1-3 ) glucan subcutaneously weekly; TD10x - daily treated with itraconazole at a dose of 100 mg.kg-1 orally and 0.5 mg of beta (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly. The rats were treated for 91 consecutive days. Individual body mass, organs relative mass and histopathology, number of sperm in the cauda epididymis, daily spermatozoal production, sperm parameters, sperm morphology, serum testosterone concentration and reproductive rates were evaluated. Signifi cant differences were observed in daily spermatozoal production, sperm morphology, serum concentration of testosterone, mating rate and birth rate, with lower results in the TD5x and TD10x groups. Discussion: The systemic toxicity indicators, as body mass variation, water intake and clinical signs, as well as organ histology suggest that systemic toxicity in these animals did not occur. The decrease in serum testosterone concentrations in elevated doses of itraconazole associated with beta (1-3) glucan must be involved in decrease of sperm parameters and in sexual behavior and consequently, in the reproductive rates. Changes in sperm morphology, mainly found in sperm head, indicate sperm immaturity, preamature spermiation, abnormal or degenerate acrosome. Based on these results, it is concluded that beta (1-3) glucan and itraconazole did not affect the male rats reproductive variables when used in therapeutic doses alone or in combination, however these variables were altered with higher doses of itraconazole in the association. These data, added to the absence of histopathological damage of the testes suggest functional effect on male fertility. Caution is advised in the use of high doses of itraconazole with or without beta (1-3) glucan in males, especially in prolonged therapy

Urolitíase causada por oxalato de cálcio em felinos

A urolitíase pode ser definida como a formação de precipitados em forma de urólitos em qualquer local das vias urinárias. A formação de cristais e cálculos tem como causa a diminuição na frequência urinária associada à supersaturação de cristaloides e mudança de pH da urina, podendo estar ligado a fatores dietéticos. A nutrição pode estar relacionada à formação, prevenção e tratamento das urolitíases. A urolitíase é uma das principais causas de doenças do trato urinário dos felinos. Uma variedade de cristaloides pode ser identificada nos urólitos, porém os mais comuns são os de estruvita e os de oxalato de cálcio. Antes de 1986, a urolitíase por oxalato de cálcio foi considerada rara em gatos. Depois daquela época, a incidência aumentou de 2% em 1984 para quase 50% em 1999. Este aumento foi associado, embora não claramente definido, com um maior consumo dietas acidificantes. As proporções voltaram a mudar em 2003 e em 2006, quando os urólitos de estruvita representaram 50% e os de oxalato de cálcio 39% dos cálculos. Embora os sinais clínicos variem conforme a localização dos cálculos, hematúria, disúria, polaquiúria e obstrução ureteral ou uretral são típicos da doença. É entre os sete e os nove anos de idade que os gatos apresentam maior risco de desenvolver cálculos de oxalato de cálcio. Gatos mais jovens apresentam mais casos de cálculos por estruvita. Os fatores predisponentes para a ocorrência de cada tipo de cálculo são diferentes, fazendo com que o tratamento e a prevenção sejam específicos para cada caso. O diagnóstico baseia-se principalmente na anamnese, exame físico, radiografias e ultrassonografias, urinálise e cultura urinária. A determinação da composição dos urólitos é essencial para que se possa estabelecer qual conduta deve ser seguida. Pode-se optar por tratamento clínico ou cirúrgico, mas em gatos, somente os urólitos de estruvita são passíveis de dissolução por meio de manejo dietético, restando aos demais cálculos remoções não cirúrgicas e cirúrgicas. A prevenção da recorrência é essencial, visto que as taxas de recidiva são elevadas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar, mediante revisão bibliográfica, fatores predisponentes, dados epidemiológicos e fisiopatogenia do cálculo de oxalato de cálcio, além de sinais clínicos do animal acometido, meios de diagnóstico e tratamento da urolitíase por oxalato de cálcio em felinos.Urolithiasis can be defined as the formation of precipitates in the form of uroliths anywhere in the urinary tract. The formation of crystals and stones is caused by a decrease in the urinary frequency associated with the supersaturation of crystalloids and changes in urine pH and which could be connected to dietary factors. Nutrition may be related to formation, prevention and treatment of urolithiasis. Urolithiasis is a major cause of diseases of the feline urinary tract. A variety of crystalloids can be identified in the uroliths, but the most common are the struvite and the calcium oxalate ones. Before 1986, the calcium oxalate urolithiasis was considered rare in cats. After that time, the incidence increased from 2 % in 1984 to almost 50 % in 1999. This increase was associated, although not clearly defined, with a higher consumption of acidifying diets. The proportions changed again in 2003 and in 2006, when the struvite uroliths accounted for 50% and the calcium oxalate 39% of the stones. Although clinical signs vary according to the location of the stones, hematuria, dysuria, pollakiuria and ureteral or urethral obstruction are typical of this disease. It is between seven and nine years old that cats have a higher risk of developing calcium oxalate stones. Younger cats have more cases of stones of struvite. The predisposing factors for the occurrence of each type of calculation are different, making the treatment and prevention specific to each case. The diagnosis is based primarily on anamnesis, physical examination, radiographs and ultrasounds, urinalysis and urine culture. Determining the composition of uroliths is essential so we can establish what conduct should be followed. You can opt for medical or surgical treatment, but in cats, only the struvite uroliths are subject to dissolution through dietary management, remaining for the other stones nonsurgical and surgical removals. Prevention of recurrence is essential because relapse rates are high. This study aims to present, through literature review, risk factors, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of uroliths of calcium oxalate, besides clinical signs of the affected animal, means of diagnosis and treatment of calcium oxalate urolithiasis by feline

Urolitíase causada por oxalato de cálcio em felinos

A urolitíase pode ser definida como a formação de precipitados em forma de urólitos em qualquer local das vias urinárias. A formação de cristais e cálculos tem como causa a diminuição na frequência urinária associada à supersaturação de cristaloides e mudança de pH da urina, podendo estar ligado a fatores dietéticos. A nutrição pode estar relacionada à formação, prevenção e tratamento das urolitíases. A urolitíase é uma das principais causas de doenças do trato urinário dos felinos. Uma variedade de cristaloides pode ser identificada nos urólitos, porém os mais comuns são os de estruvita e os de oxalato de cálcio. Antes de 1986, a urolitíase por oxalato de cálcio foi considerada rara em gatos. Depois daquela época, a incidência aumentou de 2% em 1984 para quase 50% em 1999. Este aumento foi associado, embora não claramente definido, com um maior consumo dietas acidificantes. As proporções voltaram a mudar em 2003 e em 2006, quando os urólitos de estruvita representaram 50% e os de oxalato de cálcio 39% dos cálculos. Embora os sinais clínicos variem conforme a localização dos cálculos, hematúria, disúria, polaquiúria e obstrução ureteral ou uretral são típicos da doença. É entre os sete e os nove anos de idade que os gatos apresentam maior risco de desenvolver cálculos de oxalato de cálcio. Gatos mais jovens apresentam mais casos de cálculos por estruvita. Os fatores predisponentes para a ocorrência de cada tipo de cálculo são diferentes, fazendo com que o tratamento e a prevenção sejam específicos para cada caso. O diagnóstico baseia-se principalmente na anamnese, exame físico, radiografias e ultrassonografias, urinálise e cultura urinária. A determinação da composição dos urólitos é essencial para que se possa estabelecer qual conduta deve ser seguida. Pode-se optar por tratamento clínico ou cirúrgico, mas em gatos, somente os urólitos de estruvita são passíveis de dissolução por meio de manejo dietético, restando aos demais cálculos remoções não cirúrgicas e cirúrgicas. A prevenção da recorrência é essencial, visto que as taxas de recidiva são elevadas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar, mediante revisão bibliográfica, fatores predisponentes, dados epidemiológicos e fisiopatogenia do cálculo de oxalato de cálcio, além de sinais clínicos do animal acometido, meios de diagnóstico e tratamento da urolitíase por oxalato de cálcio em felinos.Urolithiasis can be defined as the formation of precipitates in the form of uroliths anywhere in the urinary tract. The formation of crystals and stones is caused by a decrease in the urinary frequency associated with the supersaturation of crystalloids and changes in urine pH and which could be connected to dietary factors. Nutrition may be related to formation, prevention and treatment of urolithiasis. Urolithiasis is a major cause of diseases of the feline urinary tract. A variety of crystalloids can be identified in the uroliths, but the most common are the struvite and the calcium oxalate ones. Before 1986, the calcium oxalate urolithiasis was considered rare in cats. After that time, the incidence increased from 2 % in 1984 to almost 50 % in 1999. This increase was associated, although not clearly defined, with a higher consumption of acidifying diets. The proportions changed again in 2003 and in 2006, when the struvite uroliths accounted for 50% and the calcium oxalate 39% of the stones. Although clinical signs vary according to the location of the stones, hematuria, dysuria, pollakiuria and ureteral or urethral obstruction are typical of this disease. It is between seven and nine years old that cats have a higher risk of developing calcium oxalate stones. Younger cats have more cases of stones of struvite. The predisposing factors for the occurrence of each type of calculation are different, making the treatment and prevention specific to each case. The diagnosis is based primarily on anamnesis, physical examination, radiographs and ultrasounds, urinalysis and urine culture. Determining the composition of uroliths is essential so we can establish what conduct should be followed. You can opt for medical or surgical treatment, but in cats, only the struvite uroliths are subject to dissolution through dietary management, remaining for the other stones nonsurgical and surgical removals. Prevention of recurrence is essential because relapse rates are high. This study aims to present, through literature review, risk factors, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of uroliths of calcium oxalate, besides clinical signs of the affected animal, means of diagnosis and treatment of calcium oxalate urolithiasis by feline

Avaliação pré e pós-natal da prole de ratos expostos ao óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare durante acasalamento, gestação e lactação

Despite the increasing use of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil for therapeutic purposes, pre- and postnatal development of animals offspring exposed to this oil has not yet been evaluated. In line with previous concerns of genotoxicity, in this study adult rats were exposed to different doses of oregano essential oil (3, 9 and 27% vol/vol) during pre-mating, mating, gestation and lactation. Prenatal screening included fetal development and uterine inspection, where the reproductive rate of females such as breeding, pregnancy, delivery, viability and post-implantation loss rate were measured. Postnatal evaluation of rat offspring included motor development, neuroendocrine and behavioral assessment. Body weight of rat dams and signs of dystocia were evaluated daily. Development of physic characteristics and reflex tests of puppies were also assessed. Additionally, these rats, when adults, were submitted to sexual and open field behavioral tests. The main differences among the groups were observed in the indices of mating, pregnancy and post-implantation loss (P<0.01). Results demonstrated that the treatment of parental generation with oregano essential oil has the potential to affect the developing fetuses at the highest dose used, but without causing maternal toxicity and changes in general behavior and development of the progeny.Apesar do aumento do uso do óleo essencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) para fins terapêuticos, o desenvolvimento pré e pós-natal da progênie de animais expostos a este óleo ainda não foi avaliado. Partindo das suspeitas prévias de genotoxicidade desse óleo, neste estudo, ratos Wistar adultos foram expostos a diferentes doses do óleo essencial de orégano (3, 9 e 27% vol/vol) durante o acasalamento, a gestação e a lactação. Para a avaliação pré-natal, o desenvolvimento gestacional foi observado e os úteros inspecionados, assim como os índices reprodutivos das fêmeas, como a taxa de acasalamento, de gestação, parto e perdas pós-implantação. Na avaliação pós-natal, observou-se o desenvolvimento motor, neuroendócrino e comportamental da prole. Observou-se, diariamente, o peso das ratas e sinais de distocia. Após o parto, as características de desenvolvimento e testes de reflexos dos filhotes foram avaliadas, enquanto que, na puberdade, foram realizadas análises histopatológicas e dosagem hormonal. Adicionalmente, na idade adulta, esses ratos foram submetidos ao teste de comportamento em campo aberto e ao comportamento sexual. As principais diferenças entre os grupos foram nos índices de acasalamento, de gestação e de perdas pós-implantação (P<0,01). Os resultados demonstram que o tratamento da geração parental com óleo essencial de orégano tem potencial para afetar os índices reprodutivos das ratas e o desenvolvimento dos fetos na maior dose utilizada, mas sem causar toxicidade materna e alterações no desenvolvimento geral e comportamental da sua progênie

Pre- and postnatal evaluation of offspring rats exposed to Origanum vulgare essential oil during mating, gestation and lactation

ABSTRACT: Despite the increasing use of oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil for therapeutic purposes, pre- and postnatal development of animals offspring exposed to this oil has not yet been evaluated. In line with previous concerns of genotoxicity, in this study adult rats were exposed to different doses of oregano essential oil (3, 9 and 27% vol/vol) during pre-mating, mating, gestation and lactation. Prenatal screening included fetal development and uterine inspection, where the reproductive rate of females such as breeding, pregnancy, delivery, viability and post-implantation loss rate were measured. Postnatal evaluation of rat offspring included motor development, neuroendocrine and behavioral assessment. Body weight of rat dams and signs of dystocia were evaluated daily. Development of physic characteristics and reflex tests of puppies were also assessed. Additionally, these rats, when adults, were submitted to sexual and open field behavioral tests. The main differences among the groups were observed in the indices of mating, pregnancy and post-implantation loss (P<0.01). Results demonstrated that the treatment of parental generation with oregano essential oil has the potential to affect the developing fetuses at the highest dose used, but without causing maternal toxicity and changes in general behavior and development of the progeny